本文關(guān)鍵詞：村鎮(zhèn)銀行差異化監(jiān)管制度研究　出處：《西南財經(jīng)大學》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

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【摘要】：村鎮(zhèn)銀行作為具有中國特色的金融機構(gòu),自2007年在四川儀隴創(chuàng)設全國第一家以來,發(fā)展非常迅速。截止2013年底,全國已開設1071家村鎮(zhèn)銀行,資產(chǎn)規(guī)模達到6289億元,成為近年來我國銀行體系中發(fā)展最快的一類機構(gòu)。雖然村鎮(zhèn)銀行作為我國一項重要的金融創(chuàng)新取得了令世人矚目的成就,但近幾年也開始顯現(xiàn)一些問題,因而在即將推行對中小銀行具有較強負面效應的利率市場化改革舉措之前,對村鎮(zhèn)銀行存在的問題從監(jiān)管制度的視角進行梳理和檢視,無疑是合適和必要的。正基于此,本文擬以村鎮(zhèn)銀行差異化監(jiān)管的制度創(chuàng)新為中心和視角,全面審視我國村鎮(zhèn)銀行的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和路徑,并在此基礎上,提出完善我國村鎮(zhèn)銀行差異化監(jiān)管的制度設計和對策建議。 全文分為導論和6章,主要包括以下內(nèi)容。 在導論部分,首先提出本文將要研究和嘗試解決的問題——為什么要對村鎮(zhèn)銀行進行差異化監(jiān)管,如何在現(xiàn)有統(tǒng)一監(jiān)管框架下構(gòu)建差異化監(jiān)管制度。問題的產(chǎn)生源于三個方面：統(tǒng)一監(jiān)管規(guī)則與村鎮(zhèn)銀行獨特性的沖突,村鎮(zhèn)銀行監(jiān)管的穩(wěn)定性、效率性和公平性多元化目標的平衡和沖突,東西部村鎮(zhèn)銀行經(jīng)營環(huán)境差異與統(tǒng)一監(jiān)管規(guī)則的矛盾。并通過對國內(nèi)外村鎮(zhèn)銀行已有研究成果的梳理,找到相對比較薄弱并且適合本文切入的研究方向——村鎮(zhèn)銀行差異化監(jiān)管制度。 第一章是對農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管實踐的回顧和理論評析。通過對我國農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展沿革的梳理和我國農(nóng)村金融體系現(xiàn)狀的剖析,辨明我國農(nóng)村金融二元結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生的原因和不斷強化的機理。對比分析了我國農(nóng)村金融需求限制和供給限制及兩者共同作用下的供給總量不足和供求結(jié)構(gòu)錯位,為村鎮(zhèn)銀行主要定位于農(nóng)戶和農(nóng)村小微企業(yè)的功能設計找到現(xiàn)實支撐。將農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展理論和農(nóng)村金融審慎監(jiān)管理論結(jié)合起來,由農(nóng)村金融市場的特殊性導出農(nóng)村金融監(jiān)管的特殊性,在前人已有豐富實踐經(jīng)驗與理論總結(jié)的基礎上,探尋如何動態(tài)地選擇適當?shù)恼深A特別是監(jiān)管干預政策,最大限度地平衡金融市場失靈和政府規(guī)制失靈問題,為后續(xù)對村鎮(zhèn)銀行差異化監(jiān)管制度設計的研究提供總體性的理論基石和制度導引。 第二章是對村鎮(zhèn)銀行運行現(xiàn)狀及村鎮(zhèn)銀行監(jiān)管制度安排的實證調(diào)研與剖析。對現(xiàn)行監(jiān)管政策指引和相關(guān)配套政策中最不利于村鎮(zhèn)銀行實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)健經(jīng)營和增加農(nóng)村金融供給的部分進行了檢討,表述了在財政、貨幣等相關(guān)政策不配套的情況下,銀監(jiān)會單極突進推動新生的村鎮(zhèn)銀行以商業(yè)性金融支農(nóng)的無奈。并以全國首批村鎮(zhèn)銀行試點省份之一的S省36家村鎮(zhèn)銀行監(jiān)管效果為樣本,首次采用相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)和圖表直觀地展示了村鎮(zhèn)銀行偏離市場定位的行為及與監(jiān)管要求的矛盾沖突。 第三章首次透過被廣為詬病和質(zhì)疑的村鎮(zhèn)銀行“不村鎮(zhèn)”現(xiàn)象,對監(jiān)管效果偏離的成因進行了較為深入的分析。筆者從村鎮(zhèn)銀行監(jiān)管目標偏離的實例導入,以博弈論混合均衡模型分析了村鎮(zhèn)銀行“使命漂移”的原因,對制度設計中對其草根性和為農(nóng)村提供金融服務自覺性的假定提出了質(zhì)疑,運用監(jiān)管博弈模型解構(gòu)了監(jiān)管與村鎮(zhèn)銀行之間的目標沖突及其行為博弈,指出不適當?shù)谋O(jiān)管標準設置和監(jiān)管資源的匱乏,使得監(jiān)管無力去改變個體的有限理性導致集體非理性的現(xiàn)象,無法抑制村鎮(zhèn)銀行的機會主義行為。 第四章通過對美國社區(qū)銀行、印度小額信貸機構(gòu)和拉美國家微型金融機構(gòu)的經(jīng)營發(fā)展和監(jiān)管制度的比較,借鑒其在采取具有針對性和差異化的監(jiān)管制度,構(gòu)建完備的法律體系,多種配套措施的協(xié)同創(chuàng)新,建立健全存款保險制度等扶持型監(jiān)管政策、財政政策、貨幣政策和法律制度保障等方面促進本國小微金融機構(gòu)發(fā)展,從而推動其為弱勢群體提供均等化金融服務的良好做法和經(jīng)驗教訓。筆者認為,規(guī)模較小的村鎮(zhèn)銀行與拉美的微型金融機構(gòu)更相似,規(guī)模較大的村鎮(zhèn)銀行則與美國社區(qū)銀行更貼近。因此用了較大篇幅詳細介紹了這兩類不同的機構(gòu)及其監(jiān)管模式。但在具體內(nèi)容上,對美國社區(qū)銀行的監(jiān)管側(cè)重于對監(jiān)管架構(gòu)和差異化監(jiān)管政策的分析,對拉美國家微型金融機構(gòu)的監(jiān)管則側(cè)重于貫穿整個監(jiān)管流程的各類監(jiān)管指標的設計和審慎監(jiān)管標準的確定。而同為農(nóng)業(yè)大國和發(fā)展中國家的印度的小額信貸機構(gòu)與我國小額信貸公司有相似之處,其小額信貸危機及監(jiān)管矛盾和困難對我國將來可能出現(xiàn)的小額公司轉(zhuǎn)制村鎮(zhèn)銀行有前瞻性的啟示。 第五章是對村鎮(zhèn)銀行差異化監(jiān)管的合理性分析。從村鎮(zhèn)銀行具有微型金融的特征出發(fā),指出用基于傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)銀行的監(jiān)管規(guī)則去要求村鎮(zhèn)銀行這類具有典型微型金融特征的機構(gòu)是不適當?shù)?用全國統(tǒng)一的村鎮(zhèn)銀行監(jiān)管標準去對應因處于不同經(jīng)濟區(qū)域而具有不同業(yè)務結(jié)構(gòu)和客戶群體的村鎮(zhèn)銀行也是不適當?shù)�。同一監(jiān)管規(guī)則要么導致村鎮(zhèn)銀行不斷突破監(jiān)管設定的底線,要么導致與其他商業(yè)銀行同質(zhì)化發(fā)展,要么退出規(guī)則設定的游戲,結(jié)果都是偏離社會目標。因此,應當對不同服務對象、不同區(qū)域、不同業(yè)務模式、不同發(fā)展階段、不同風險偏好的銀行機構(gòu)實行差異化監(jiān)管。 第六章是本文的重點和結(jié)論——建立差異化的村鎮(zhèn)銀行監(jiān)管制度。這種差異化主要體現(xiàn)在幾個方面：一是根據(jù)村鎮(zhèn)銀行介于政策性銀行與商業(yè)銀行之間的特殊金融機構(gòu)的法律性質(zhì),制定村鎮(zhèn)銀行的專項法律；并通過村鎮(zhèn)銀行法律體系的建立和健全,完善村鎮(zhèn)銀行監(jiān)管權(quán)法律配置,確立銀監(jiān)會對村鎮(zhèn)銀行的核心監(jiān)管地位,將對村鎮(zhèn)銀行的傾斜性扶持政策法律化,以保持政策穩(wěn)定性與連續(xù)性。二是秉持有效監(jiān)管的理念,合理確定村鎮(zhèn)銀行穩(wěn)定性、效率性和公平性三大監(jiān)管目標及目標順序,關(guān)照參與者的決策集合,建立與村鎮(zhèn)銀行這一特殊金融機構(gòu)相適應的監(jiān)管框架和監(jiān)管組織體系,使這一特殊監(jiān)管客體的商業(yè)性經(jīng)營行為與政策性目標相一致,從而以最低成本推動監(jiān)管目標的實現(xiàn)。三是設計差異化的監(jiān)管規(guī)則,從市場準入、公司治理到持續(xù)監(jiān)管,都需要根據(jù)村鎮(zhèn)銀行的經(jīng)營特征和風險特征制定寬嚴適度的監(jiān)管規(guī)則,特別是在市場準入階段,該嚴的必須嚴。通過建立村鎮(zhèn)銀行差異化監(jiān)管制度,達到合理減輕村鎮(zhèn)銀行監(jiān)管成本,促進村鎮(zhèn)銀行金融創(chuàng)新,推動農(nóng)村金融市場結(jié)構(gòu)升級的目的。本章也回應了村鎮(zhèn)銀行股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)、公司治理、有限牌照、市場退出等當下熱點問題。
[Abstract]:As a financial institution has China characteristics of village banks, since 2007 in Sichuan, Yilong to create the first, development is very rapid. By the end of 2013, the country has opened 1071 rural banks, asset size reached 628 billion 900 million yuan, become a kind of mechanism in recent years, China's banking system in the development of the fastest. Although rural banks as one of the most important financial innovation in China has made great achievements in the world, but in recent years have begun to appear some problems, so in the implementation of measures to reform of the interest rate market has a strong negative effect on small banks before the village bank problems from the regulatory system from the perspective of review and review, is undoubtedly appropriate and necessary. Based on this, this paper intends to institutional innovation of village bank supervision as the center and the differences in perspective, a comprehensive review of the development status and way of rural banks in our country and in diameter. On this basis, the system design and countermeasures are put forward to improve the differential supervision of village and town banks in China.
The full text is divided into introduction and 6 chapters, which mainly include the following.
In the introduction part, firstly put forward to study and try to solve the problem: why make differentiation supervision of the rural bank in this paper, how to construct the differentiated supervision system in the existing unified regulatory framework. The problem originates from three aspects: conflict rules and unified supervision of village bank in the town of uniqueness, stability of banking supervision the efficiency and equity diversification goal of balance and conflict, the contradiction between east village banks operating environment difference and unified supervision rules. And through the domestic and foreign rural bank existing research results of the sort, find relatively weak and suitable for this breakthrough research direction of rural banks differentiated supervision system.
The first chapter is the analysis and review of theory and practice of financial supervision in rural areas. Through the analysis on the development of China's rural finance and rural financial system combing the status quo, causes is China's rural financial structure of two yuan and the mechanism of strengthening. Comparative analysis of the dislocation restrictions and supply constraints and their interaction the insufficient supply of rural financial demand and supply structure of our country, rural banks mainly located in rural households and small and micro enterprises to find the real function design will support. The theory of rural finance development and rural financial prudential supervision theory combined by the particularity of the rural financial market of export of rural financial supervision, in the previous rich practical experience and theory on the basis of summing up, explore how to dynamically select the appropriate government intervention in particular regulatory intervention policy, the maximum horizon To balance the failure of financial market and the failure of government regulation, we will provide a theoretical basis and guidance for further research on the design of differentiated supervision system of village banks.
The second chapter is about the rural banks operating status and arrangement of supervision system of village banks. The empirical research and analysis of the current regulatory policy guidelines and related policies in the rural banks is not conducive to achieve stable operation and increase the supply of rural finance part of the review, stated in the financial, monetary and other related policies do not match the situation the CBRC single breakthrough to promote the new rural banks to commercial financial support for the helpless. And to the first town bank one of the pilot provinces of S Province, 36 rural banks supervision effect as the sample, used for the first time related data and charts visually demonstrate the village banks deviate from the market positioning and behavior and the regulatory requirements of the conflict.
The third chapter first through has been widely criticized and questioned the village bank "village" phenomenon, the causes of the regulatory effect of deviation is analyzed. The author from case lead from the object of supervision of village banks, analyzes the reasons of rural banks "mission drift" mixed equilibrium model based on game theory, the design of the system to the grassroots and provide financial services that the consciousness of questioning for rural areas, using the supervision game model deconstructs the game goal conflict and behavior between regulation and rural banks, pointed out that the lack of appropriate regulatory standard setting and regulatory resources, limited rationality makes supervision unable to change individual leads to collective irrational phenomena. Unable to restrain opportunism, rural banks.
The fourth chapter through the comparison of the American community banks, business development and supervision system of micro finance institutions microfinance institutions in India and Latin American countries, the reference in targeted and differentiated supervision system, building a complete legal system, a variety of measures to collaborative innovation, establish and perfect the system of deposit insurance and other support supervision policy, fiscal policy, monetary policy and legal protection system to promote development of small and micro finance institutions, so as to promote the lessons of experience and good practices to provide equal financial services for vulnerable groups. The author believes that micro finance institutions smaller rural banks and Latin America is more similar to the larger town bank with US community banks closer. Therefore the large part introduces these two different types of institutions and the supervision mode. But in terms of the content of the United States The bank supervision focuses on the analysis of the regulatory framework and regulatory policy differences, determine the standard of micro finance institutions in Latin American countries will focus on supervision throughout the regulatory process to design all kinds of regulatory indicators and prudential supervision. And microfinance institutions for agriculture and the development of China home in India is similar with China's microfinance company, the micro credit crisis and regulatory difficulties and contradictions of forward-looking enlightenment to rural microfinance companies in China bank restructuring may arise in the future.
The fifth chapter is to analyze the rationality of the regulation of rural banks differences. According to characteristic of village bank is the micro finance, pointed out that based on the traditional commercial bank regulatory rules to require rural bank which has typical characteristics of micro finance institutions is not appropriate, with a unified national banking supervision standard to correspond with different business structure and customer groups because of different economic regions in the village bank is not appropriate. The same rules or cause rural bank regulators continue to break the bottom line, or to other commercial banks and the development of homogenization, or exit rules of the game, the result is the deviation from the social goals. Therefore, it should be on the different service object, different regions, different business models, different stages of development, the implementation of differentiated supervision of banking institutions with different risk preferences.
The sixth chapter is the key and the conclusion of this paper: differences in the establishment of banking supervision system. This difference is mainly reflected in the following aspects: one is according to the legal nature of special financial institutions between rural banks between policy banks and commercial banks, the special laws of village banks; and through establishing and perfecting the legal system of rural banks the perfection of the legal supervision right allocation of village banks, the establishment of the CBRC of the village bank's core regulatory status, the tilt of the village bank policies to support the law, in order to maintain the continuity and stability of policy. Two is to uphold the effective supervision idea, reasonably determine the rural bank stability, efficiency and fairness of the three regulatory objectives and the target sequence, take care of the participants' decision-making set, establish and adapt to the special rural bank financial institutions regulatory framework and supervision organization system, The commercial operation behavior and policy objectives of this special supervision object is consistent, so as to promote the implementation of regulatory objectives at the lowest cost. The three is to design different regulatory rules from market access, corporate governance to continuous supervision, needs to establish a strict regulatory rules according to the operating characteristics and risk characteristics of rural banks in particular, in the phase of market access, the strict must be strict. Through the establishment of village banks differentiated supervision system, reasonably reduce the supervision cost of rural banks, rural banks to promote financial innovation, promote the upgrading of the structure of the rural financial market. This chapter also responded to the rural bank ownership structure, corporate governance, limited license to market from the current hot issues.

【學位授予單位】：西南財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F832.35

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