【摘要】：在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和人口老齡化的雙重沖擊下,以代際轉(zhuǎn)移為基礎(chǔ)的現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付制養(yǎng)老金制度面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn),財(cái)政支付危機(jī)也日漸加深。英國作為世界上首個福利國家一直是歐洲高福利的標(biāo)簽和典型代表。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的出現(xiàn),高福利的養(yǎng)老金制度不具備持續(xù)性,經(jīng)過撒切爾夫人和布萊爾政府的市場化改革后,英國基本上建立起了比較完善的三支柱養(yǎng)老金體系,但是英國的養(yǎng)老金支柱仍然存在著養(yǎng)老金支出缺口較大,養(yǎng)老金覆蓋率低、參保率低等問題,新一輪的養(yǎng)老金改革勢在必行。 隨著美國次貸危機(jī)蔓延到歐洲形成歐債危機(jī)的漩渦席卷整個歐洲,英國也遭受了巨大的損失,經(jīng)濟(jì)上陷入二次衰退,國家債務(wù)突破萬億英鎊,失業(yè)率居高不下,并且經(jīng)濟(jì)上的衰退蔓延至社會政治演變成占領(lǐng)倫敦運(yùn)動,社會矛盾尖銳。隨著歐債危機(jī)推進(jìn),國家債務(wù)節(jié)節(jié)攀高,歐盟各國為了應(yīng)對債臺高筑的外債紛紛采取削減社會福利,減輕國家財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)的措施。養(yǎng)老金作為社會福利最大的支出首當(dāng)其沖進(jìn)行改革。在日益嚴(yán)峻國內(nèi)外形勢的迫使下,英國開始了新一輪的養(yǎng)老金改革。主要措施包括：延長退休年齡,建立起強(qiáng)制性第二支柱職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金支柱,出臺單層養(yǎng)老金改革方案,鼓勵養(yǎng)老儲蓄。經(jīng)過這一輪改革使英國避免陷入高負(fù)債國家的泥潭,低成本的養(yǎng)老金財(cái)政支出有利于增強(qiáng)英國的國際競爭力,增加了勞動力市場的彈性,促進(jìn)英國經(jīng)濟(jì)盡早走出歐債危機(jī)的陰影。通過市場化改革,政府、市場和個人之間的關(guān)系以及角色定位發(fā)生了改變,政府從主導(dǎo)者轉(zhuǎn)變成監(jiān)管者,市場成為養(yǎng)老金運(yùn)營的主體,個人對自身養(yǎng)老負(fù)主要的責(zé)任。英國的養(yǎng)老金市場化改革使政府收縮了提供公共養(yǎng)老金的責(zé)任,加強(qiáng)了市場和個人在養(yǎng)老金制度中的作用,國家通過改革從提供者變成監(jiān)管者。 文章最后探討了英國成功的養(yǎng)老金市場化改革經(jīng)驗(yàn)給中國的養(yǎng)老保險制度改革帶來的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和啟示。首先對中國的養(yǎng)老保險制度中存在的問題進(jìn)行評述,主要有多支柱養(yǎng)老金體系發(fā)展緩慢、覆蓋率低、統(tǒng)籌層次低和養(yǎng)老金投資管理仍需改善等問題,通過運(yùn)用三元模式,從國家力量、市場機(jī)制和社會個人力量三個方面具體探討了我國養(yǎng)老金改革重點(diǎn)在于合理定位政府責(zé)任,充分發(fā)揮市場和個人力量,建設(shè)和完善多支柱養(yǎng)老金體系,在吸取英國成功改革經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上探索符合我國國情的養(yǎng)老保險建設(shè)道路。
[Abstract]:Under the double impact of economic globalization and aging population, the pay-as-you-go pension system based on intergenerational transfer is facing great challenges, and the crisis of fiscal payment is deepening day by day. As the first welfare state in the world, Britain has always been the label and typical representative of high welfare in Europe. With the emergence of the economic crisis, the high-welfare pension system is not sustainable. After the marketization reform of the Thatcher and Blair governments, Britain has basically established a relatively perfect three-pillar pension system. However, the pension pillar in Britain still has a large gap in pension expenditure, low pension coverage, low participation rate and other issues, so a new round of pension reform is imperative. As the US subprime crisis spread to Europe to form a European debt crisis, the whirlpool of the European debt crisis swept across Europe, Britain also suffered huge losses, the economy fell into a double recession, the national debt exceeded trillion pounds, and the unemployment rate remained high. And the economic recession spread to the socio-political evolution of the occupation of London movement, social contradictions are acute. With the advance of the European debt crisis and the rising of national debt, EU countries have taken measures to reduce social welfare and lighten the national fiscal burden in response to the debt-laden external debt. Pensions, as the biggest social welfare spending, bear the brunt of reform. Under the increasingly severe situation at home and abroad, Britain began a new round of pension reform. The main measures include extending the retirement age, establishing a mandatory second pillar occupational pension pillar, introducing a single-tier pension reform program, and encouraging pension savings. After this round of reforms, Britain has avoided falling into the quagmire of highly indebted countries, and low-cost pension spending has helped strengthen Britain's international competitiveness and increase the flexibility of the labour market. To promote the British economy as soon as possible out of the shadow of the European debt crisis. Through the market-oriented reform, the relationship between the government, the market and the individual has been changed, and the role of the government has been changed. The government has changed from a leader to a regulator, the market has become the main body of pension operation, and the individual has the main responsibility for his own old-age care. Britain's pension marketization reform has reduced the government's responsibility to provide public pensions, strengthened the role of markets and individuals in the pension system, and transformed the country from a provider to a regulator. Finally, this paper discusses the experience and enlightenment of the successful reform of pension market in Britain to the reform of China's old-age insurance system. First of all, the problems existing in China's old-age insurance system are reviewed. The main problems include slow development of multi-pillar pension system, low coverage rate, low level of overall planning, and the need to improve pension investment management, etc., through the use of the three-dimensional model, From the three aspects of state power, market mechanism and social individual power, this paper probes into the emphasis of pension reform in China lies in the rational positioning of government responsibility, giving full play to the market and individual forces, and building and perfecting the multi-pillar pension system. On the basis of the successful reform experience in Britain, this paper explores the old-age insurance construction road in line with the national conditions of our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F841.3

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