【摘要】： 農(nóng)業(yè)是人們利用植物、動(dòng)物、微生物的生長(zhǎng)機(jī)能,通過人工控制和培育以獲得產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè),容易受到多種自然災(zāi)害和環(huán)境變化(如旱、澇、風(fēng)、冰雹、寒潮、病蟲害等)的影響。我國(guó)作為農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)和自然災(zāi)害頻發(fā)國(guó)家,探索建立符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度,分散農(nóng)業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者利益,既是降低農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、保障農(nóng)業(yè)健康持續(xù)發(fā)展的客觀要求,也是發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)、建立現(xiàn)代農(nóng)村金融制度的迫切需要。 本論文試圖運(yùn)用準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品理論、博弈理論、制度變遷理論等作為分析工具,系統(tǒng)總結(jié)研究我國(guó)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的發(fā)展歷程,比較分析國(guó)內(nèi)外政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)典型模式,并專門考察山東省政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)試點(diǎn)探索情況。在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)影響我國(guó)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展的重大問題進(jìn)行深入研究和理性思考,提出相關(guān)政策建議。 本文的研究?jī)?nèi)容和主要結(jié)論如下: (一)梳理了政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)生成與發(fā)展的相關(guān)理論基礎(chǔ),認(rèn)為建立政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度事關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)穩(wěn)定持續(xù)發(fā)展,既有堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論支撐,也是一項(xiàng)重要而又緊迫的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。準(zhǔn)公共物品理論分析表明,無論是多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或一切險(xiǎn),農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)都具有準(zhǔn)公共產(chǎn)品的基本特征,需要政府在制度供給、環(huán)境營(yíng)造和財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼等方面發(fā)揮不可或缺的作用,這是政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)生成的根本原因。博弈論分析表明,政府的支持和引導(dǎo),可以有效調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)者開辦業(yè)務(wù)、農(nóng)民參加保險(xiǎn)的積極性和主動(dòng)性,是實(shí)現(xiàn)政府、農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)者、農(nóng)民三個(gè)相關(guān)行為主體互動(dòng)平衡的主導(dǎo)因素。制度變遷理論分析表明,制度在發(fā)展中處于基礎(chǔ)和根本的地位,研究發(fā)展問題必須把制度建設(shè)作為重點(diǎn),突出制度設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,其中政府推動(dòng)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度變遷的動(dòng)力最強(qiáng),可以運(yùn)用行政、經(jīng)濟(jì)或法律手段誘導(dǎo)和強(qiáng)制農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度變遷,并履行相應(yīng)的職責(zé)。福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論分析表明,政府支持開展政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn),可以大大增加社會(huì)總福利。農(nóng)業(yè)弱質(zhì)性理論、國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論和農(nóng)業(yè)多功能理論分析表明,政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)屬于政府對(duì)自然災(zāi)害的補(bǔ)償和救濟(jì)內(nèi)容,實(shí)施的意義廣泛而重要,并且對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易不產(chǎn)生扭曲作用,是WTO框架下政府加強(qiáng)對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)支持保護(hù)的重要措施。 (二)按照政府干預(yù)和扶持力度的強(qiáng)弱,可將我國(guó)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的發(fā)展歷程大體劃分為早期波折階段(1950-1993年)、制度缺失階段(1994-2003年)和恢復(fù)試點(diǎn)階段(2004年至今)。其中,1994年以前的農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)是政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的一種萌芽形態(tài)和簡(jiǎn)單形式,2004年是商業(yè)性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)和政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的另一個(gè)重要分界時(shí)點(diǎn)。通過分析我國(guó)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展歷程、曲折成因及其啟示表明,對(duì)于政府、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者和保險(xiǎn)公司三個(gè)行為主體而言,政府財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼等相關(guān)優(yōu)惠政策的實(shí)施力度,決定著政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的實(shí)際供給水平和農(nóng)民有效需求水平。沒有政府的積極介入和有力支持,我國(guó)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)就很難有穩(wěn)定、持續(xù)發(fā)展,更難以擺脫曲折、徘徊、萎縮的發(fā)展困境。這一歷史實(shí)踐也啟示我們,政府采取合理的方式積極介入,盡快確立政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的法律地位,不斷加大財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼和政策支持力度,完善相關(guān)配套政策措施,是促進(jìn)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)健康發(fā)展、不斷在更高水平上實(shí)現(xiàn)供求均衡的關(guān)鍵。 (三)2004年以后,我國(guó)多個(gè)省份開展了政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的試點(diǎn)探索,主要形成了上海安信、黑龍江墾區(qū)陽光相互制、吉林安華、新疆建設(shè)兵團(tuán)中華聯(lián)合、浙江共保體等五大典型模式。這五種模式的相同點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在:地方政府主導(dǎo)推動(dòng)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展、兼顧運(yùn)用市場(chǎng)和行政手段實(shí)現(xiàn)保險(xiǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)張、采取有效措施預(yù)防和分散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及實(shí)行“以險(xiǎn)養(yǎng)險(xiǎn)”等方面,這些制度設(shè)計(jì)有效推動(dòng)了試點(diǎn)工作的開展。同時(shí),受經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)基礎(chǔ)開辦條件的限制,五種模式在區(qū)域特色、經(jīng)辦主體、保險(xiǎn)對(duì)象、保障方式與程度、政府扶持力度、擴(kuò)散效應(yīng)等方面有所差異。這些發(fā)展模式的探索實(shí)踐啟示我們,制度設(shè)計(jì)是否合理、財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼是否有力是影響政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展的重要因素。 (四)2006年,山東省正式啟動(dòng)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)試點(diǎn)工作。從對(duì)山東省政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)試點(diǎn)探索情況的專門考察來看,試點(diǎn)取得了較好效果,特別是在幫助試點(diǎn)地區(qū)農(nóng)戶分散農(nóng)業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、推動(dòng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)等方面發(fā)揮了積極作用。但由于政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)屬于新生事物,在山東省剛剛起步,制度設(shè)計(jì)還不夠成熟和完善,仍存在不少問題,主要體現(xiàn)在行政色彩比較濃厚、巨災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)準(zhǔn)備金制度不夠完善、保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任與農(nóng)民實(shí)際需求有一定差距、個(gè)別險(xiǎn)種保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任認(rèn)定困難、農(nóng)民群眾保險(xiǎn)意識(shí)淡薄且消費(fèi)能力有限等諸多方面,特別是農(nóng)戶、保險(xiǎn)公司、政府三者相互平衡關(guān)系還沒有完全建立的問題,成為制約今后山東省政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展的主要因素。 (五)從世界范圍看,約有40多個(gè)國(guó)家推行政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn),較為典型的有以美國(guó)、加拿大、日本、法國(guó)為代表的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家模式,以菲律賓為代表的發(fā)展中國(guó)家模式,以及前蘇聯(lián)模式。這些國(guó)家的實(shí)踐證明,要想實(shí)現(xiàn)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,需要健全的法律保障、強(qiáng)有力的政府支持、完善的再保險(xiǎn)和巨災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散機(jī)制、專設(shè)的管理機(jī)構(gòu)、適合本國(guó)國(guó)情的發(fā)展模式。另外,由于自然條件和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展水平的差異,各國(guó)的政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)在險(xiǎn)種與承保范圍、保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任、實(shí)施方式等經(jīng)營(yíng)層面上也有顯著不同。這些國(guó)家政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的實(shí)踐啟示我們,應(yīng)積極借鑒國(guó)外發(fā)展政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的有益經(jīng)驗(yàn)和一般規(guī)律,結(jié)合國(guó)情,加強(qiáng)制度創(chuàng)新,健全完善法律和政策支持體系,推動(dòng)我國(guó)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)健康發(fā)展。 (六)在我國(guó)建立科學(xué)、有效、完善的政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度,是一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期而復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程,不可能一蹴而就,需要立足中國(guó)國(guó)情,大膽探索,抓住關(guān)鍵,勇于實(shí)踐,積極推進(jìn),逐步建立具有中國(guó)特色的政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度。這其中的關(guān)鍵因素和環(huán)節(jié)主要包括:加強(qiáng)立法,盡快完善政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)法律制度;設(shè)立農(nóng)業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理機(jī)構(gòu),統(tǒng)籌全國(guó)政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展;健全政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼制度,提高財(cái)政資金使用效率;建立農(nóng)業(yè)巨災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散轉(zhuǎn)移制度,多渠道分散農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的自然風(fēng)險(xiǎn);完善政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)稅收制度,促進(jìn)承保公司可持續(xù)發(fā)展;建立政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)與農(nóng)業(yè)信貸投放相結(jié)合制度,實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)村銀�；�(dòng)發(fā)展;堅(jiān)持自愿與適度強(qiáng)制相結(jié)合,為提高參保率提供制度保障;建立政策性農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)保費(fèi)資金使用與監(jiān)管制度,確保資金保值增值。
[Abstract]:Agriculture is a basic industry in which people use the growth function of plants, animals and microorganisms to obtain products by artificial control and cultivation. It is vulnerable to various natural disasters and environmental changes (such as drought, waterlogging, wind, hail, cold wave, diseases and insect pests). Policy-based agricultural insurance system, dispersing agricultural risks and protecting the interests of agricultural producers, is not only the objective requirement to reduce the systematic risks of agricultural production and ensure the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture, but also the urgent need to develop modern agriculture and establish a modern rural financial system.
This paper attempts to use quasi-public goods theory, game theory, institutional change theory as analytical tools to systematically summarize and study the development of China's policy-based agricultural insurance, comparative analysis of typical models of domestic and foreign policy-based agricultural insurance, and a special study of Shandong Province's policy-based agricultural insurance pilot exploration. This paper makes an in-depth study and rational thinking on the major issues concerning the development of policy-oriented agricultural insurance in China, and puts forward relevant policy recommendations.
The research contents and main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Combing the relevant theoretical basis of the formation and development of policy-based agricultural insurance, it is considered that the establishment of policy-based agricultural insurance system is related to the stable and sustainable development of agriculture, which is both a solid theoretical support and an important and urgent practical problem. The basic characteristics of quasi-public goods require the government to play an indispensable role in system supply, environment construction and financial subsidy, which is the fundamental reason for the formation of policy-based agricultural insurance. Polarity and initiative are the dominant factors to realize the interaction and balance among the government, agricultural insurance operators and peasants. The theoretical analysis of institutional change shows that the system is in the basic and fundamental position in development. The government has the strongest impetus to promote the change of agricultural insurance system. It can use administrative, economic or legal means to induce and enforce the change of agricultural insurance system and perform corresponding duties. The theoretical analysis of agricultural multi-function shows that policy-based agricultural insurance belongs to the government's compensation and relief for natural disasters. Its implementation is of great significance and has no distorting effect on international trade.
(2) According to the strength of government intervention and support, the development of China's policy-based agricultural insurance can be roughly divided into the early twists and turns (1950-1993), the absence of the system (1994-2003) and the restoration of the pilot stage (2004-present). Among them, agricultural insurance before 1994 is a budding form and simplification of policy-based agricultural insurance. Single form, 2004 is another important demarcation point between commercial agricultural insurance and policy-based agricultural insurance. By analyzing the development course of policy-based agricultural insurance in China, the tortuous causes and Its Enlightenment show that, for the three main actors of government, agricultural producers and insurance companies, government financial subsidies and other related preferential policies are effective. Without the active involvement and strong support of the government, it will be difficult for China's policy-based agricultural insurance to have a stable and sustainable development, and even more difficult to get rid of the development dilemma of twists and turns, hesitation and shrinkage. Actively intervening, establishing the legal status of policy-based agricultural insurance as soon as possible, increasing financial subsidies and policy support, and perfecting relevant supporting policies and measures are the keys to promoting the healthy development of policy-based agricultural insurance and achieving a balanced supply and demand at a higher level.
(3) After 2004, a number of provinces in China have carried out pilot exploration of policy-oriented agricultural insurance, mainly forming five typical models: Shanghai Anxin, mutual sunshine system in Heilongjiang reclamation area, Jilin Anhua, China Union of Xinjiang Construction Corps, Zhejiang Commonwealth of Insurance, etc. The development of insurance, taking into account both market and administrative means to achieve the expansion of insurance scale, taking effective measures to prevent and disperse risks, and implementing "insurance by insurance" have effectively promoted the pilot work. At the same time, restricted by the level of economic development and the conditions for the establishment of a policy-based agricultural insurance foundation, five models have been developed. The exploration and practice of these development models reveal that whether the system design is reasonable and whether the financial subsidy is effective are the important factors affecting the development of policy-based agricultural insurance.
(4) In 2006, Shandong Province formally launched the pilot work of policy-based agricultural insurance. From the special investigation of the pilot work of policy-based agricultural insurance in Shandong Province, the pilot project has achieved good results, especially in helping farmers in the pilot areas to disperse agricultural risks and promote agricultural production. Occupational insurance is a new thing. In Shandong Province, the system design is not mature and perfect. There are still many problems, mainly reflected in the administrative color is relatively strong, the catastrophe risk reserve system is not perfect, there is a certain gap between the insurance liability and the actual needs of farmers, the identification of individual insurance liability is difficult, and the insurance intention of farmers. There are many problems, such as poor knowledge and limited consumption capacity, especially the balance among farmers, insurance companies and the government has not yet been fully established, which have become the main factors restricting the development of policy-oriented agricultural insurance in Shandong Province in the future.
(5) From a worldwide perspective, more than 40 countries have implemented policy-based agricultural insurance, typically the developed countries represented by the United States, Canada, Japan and France, the developing countries represented by the Philippines, and the former Soviet Union. In addition, due to the differences in natural conditions and the level of economic and social development, the policy-oriented agricultural insurance in various countries should be implemented in the range of insurance coverage, insurance liability and implementation. The practice of these countries'policy-based agricultural insurance shows that we should actively draw lessons from the useful experience and general laws of foreign countries in developing policy-based agricultural insurance, strengthen institutional innovation, improve the legal and policy support system, and promote the healthy development of policy-based agricultural insurance in China.
(6) Establishing a scientific, effective and perfect policy-based agricultural insurance system in China is a long-term and complicated systematic project, which can not be accomplished overnight. It is necessary to base on China's national conditions, explore boldly, grasp the key points, practice boldly and push forward actively, and gradually establish a policy-based agricultural insurance system with Chinese characteristics. The links include: strengthening legislation, perfecting the legal system of policy-based agricultural insurance as soon as possible; establishing agricultural risk management institutions, coordinating the development of policy-based agricultural insurance throughout the country; perfecting the financial subsidy system of policy-based agricultural insurance, improving the efficiency of the use of financial funds; establishing the system of dispersing and transferring agricultural catastrophe risks, and diversifying agricultural production through multiple channels. Natural risks; Improving the policy-based agricultural insurance tax system to promote the sustainable development of insurance companies; Establishing a policy-based agricultural insurance and agricultural credit delivery system to achieve the interactive development of rural banking and insurance; Adhering to the combination of voluntary and moderate compulsion to provide institutional guarantee for increasing the rate of insurance participation; Establishing a policy-based agricultural insurance premium fund to enable Ensure that funds are maintained and increased with the supervision system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：F842.6

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前6條

1 周建農(nóng);;我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理模式分析及國(guó)外經(jīng)驗(yàn)借鑒[J];調(diào)研世界;2011年05期

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