【摘要】：經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中,如何兼顧效率和公平一直是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)問題,也是關(guān)系到社會(huì)能否和諧發(fā)展的重大問題。雖然自改革開放以來,我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展成就顯著、城鄉(xiāng)居民收入水平增長(zhǎng)較快,與此同時(shí),收入分配差距也迅速擴(kuò)大。在影響收入分配差距的眾多因素中,教育具有重要作用,教育分配的均等與否與收入分配差距密切相關(guān)。并且,教育分配還關(guān)系到全社會(huì)的人力資本積累水平,從而影響經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。由此,教育使“效率”與“公平”這并不統(tǒng)一的兩大難題協(xié)調(diào)起來。正因?yàn)槿绱?教育不平等受到社會(huì)各界的廣泛關(guān)注,對(duì)教育不平等與收入分配差距的研究具有重要的理論和實(shí)際意義。 本文在分析教育不平等與收入分配差距相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合中國(guó)改革開放以來的制度變遷軌跡,構(gòu)建了教育與收入分配的理論分析框架,對(duì)教育不平等與收入分配差距的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了實(shí)證檢驗(yàn),分析了二者的內(nèi)在作用機(jī)制。并且,貧困階層位于收入分配的最底層,貧困的減少有助于縮小收入分配差距;同時(shí),貧困階層往往是弱勢(shì)群體,容易導(dǎo)致教育缺乏,所以貧困減少同樣有助于降低教育不平等程度。因此,研究教育不平等對(duì)貧困的影響,既是對(duì)教育不平等與收入分配研究的進(jìn)一步拓展,又豐富了減貧研究的實(shí)證樣本。不僅如此,本文對(duì)收入流動(dòng)性進(jìn)行測(cè)度、分解,以及探討教育與收入流動(dòng)的關(guān)系,是基于機(jī)會(huì)公平視角對(duì)教育不平等和收入分配差距研究的擴(kuò)展。收入流動(dòng)性反映出相對(duì)收入排名的變化,在收入分配差距較大的背景下,充分的收入流動(dòng)性將有助于降低收入分配差距及其導(dǎo)致的負(fù)面效應(yīng);同時(shí),教育作為促進(jìn)收入流動(dòng)的重要渠道,在促進(jìn)收入分配的機(jī)會(huì)公平方面具有重要作用。因此,本文的研究一方面能夠?yàn)槿绾未龠M(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的“公平”提供思路,另一方面也豐富了發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的實(shí)證研究成果。 本文的主要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新性工作包括: (1)在回顧中國(guó)教育不平等、收入分配差距、貧困的制度變遷基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建了教育與收入分配的理論分析框架。理論模型在Galor and Zeria(1993)的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)方面的擴(kuò)展。一是考慮到不同層次教育回報(bào)率存在異質(zhì)性的現(xiàn)狀,將個(gè)體教育選擇擴(kuò)展到不接受教育、初等教育和高等教育;二是結(jié)合中國(guó)國(guó)情分析了勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)因素、政府教育決策對(duì)教育分配和收入分配的影響,進(jìn)而明晰教育不平等與收入分配差距的作用機(jī)理。理論分析闡明了教育不平等與收入分配差距間的內(nèi)生性關(guān)系,為實(shí)證研究建立了理論基礎(chǔ)。進(jìn)一步,對(duì)教育不平等與收入分配差距的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了實(shí)證分析。本文采用教育基尼系數(shù)系統(tǒng)地測(cè)度了我國(guó)各地區(qū)的教育不平等程度,這在同類文獻(xiàn)中也尚屬首次。并且,考慮到教育不平等與收入分配差距的內(nèi)生性關(guān)系,本文構(gòu)建了包含教育不平等與收入分配差距聯(lián)立方程組模型,并采用中國(guó)1996-2004年的省級(jí)面板數(shù)據(jù)和三階段最小二乘法進(jìn)行估計(jì)。研究表明,收入不平等導(dǎo)致教育不平等,教育不平等的下降卻沒能促進(jìn)收入不平等的減小,教育不平等與收入不平等并非簡(jiǎn)單線性關(guān)系。之所以未形成教育平等和收入平等相互促進(jìn)的良性機(jī)制,除了不同層次教育回報(bào)率差異的原因,勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)性特征、城鄉(xiāng)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)等因素都有著重要影響。 (2)貧困群體位于收入階層的最底層,是收入分配差距的一種特殊情況,貧困的緩解對(duì)于縮小收入差距、教育差距有重要影響。由于教育分布不均所帶來的人力資本投資匱乏,造成貧困人口無法通過提高自身能力來擺脫貧困;并且,如果存在教育差距的局面長(zhǎng)期得不到改觀,則可能進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致“貧困惡性循環(huán)”,最終致使暫時(shí)性貧困向持續(xù)性貧困轉(zhuǎn)變,甚至持續(xù)性貧困的加深。本文采用中國(guó)1983-2006年的時(shí)間序列數(shù)據(jù)和Johansen協(xié)整檢驗(yàn)分析了教育不平等與貧困的長(zhǎng)期均衡關(guān)系。并且,為進(jìn)一步探討其背后的作用機(jī)理,還運(yùn)用微觀調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)和Logit模型進(jìn)行了更深入地分析。研究結(jié)果表明,能夠獲得初等人力資本是貧困群體是否脫貧的關(guān)鍵因素,教育不平等的縮小有利于促進(jìn)貧困群體進(jìn)行初等人力資本積累,進(jìn)而擺脫貧困。 (3)收入流動(dòng)性更注重機(jī)會(huì)公平,與結(jié)果的不均等相比,機(jī)會(huì)公平對(duì)社會(huì)的影響更大。并且,在一個(gè)收入分配差距較大的社會(huì)里,充分的收入流動(dòng)性將有助于縮小收入分配差距,以及緩解收入分配差距過大所造成的負(fù)面效應(yīng)。因此,本文從相對(duì)收入位置變化角度、收入份額變化角度、社會(huì)福利角度等視角出發(fā),對(duì)中國(guó)1989-2006年間的收入流動(dòng)性進(jìn)行了測(cè)度,從而得出更為穩(wěn)健的結(jié)論。在此基礎(chǔ)上,首次從收入相對(duì)位置出發(fā)對(duì)我國(guó)的收入流動(dòng)性進(jìn)行分解,以探討中國(guó)收入流動(dòng)性變化的內(nèi)在原因。進(jìn)一步,本文構(gòu)建了教育與收入流動(dòng)的Mlogit模型,研究了教育在促進(jìn)收入流動(dòng)中的作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):農(nóng)村和城市的收入流動(dòng)性都經(jīng)歷了先上升后下降的過程,轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)位于20世紀(jì)90年代中后期,然而,這并未帶來社會(huì)福利的改善。收入流動(dòng)性的分解結(jié)果表明,收入流動(dòng)主要集中在中低收入階層內(nèi)部,出現(xiàn)了收入階層固化的傾向,這是導(dǎo)致我國(guó)收入流動(dòng)性降低的內(nèi)在原因;不僅如此,在收入分配差距較大的現(xiàn)實(shí)背景下,收入流動(dòng)性的降低不利于收入分配差距的縮小。最后,教育對(duì)于促進(jìn)合理的收入流動(dòng)具有顯著作用,包括城市高等教育的發(fā)展和農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育的提供。
[Abstract]:In the process of economic development, how to balance efficiency and fairness has always been a hot issue in economic research, and also a major issue related to the harmonious development of society. Education plays an important role in many factors of the distribution gap, and the equality of education distribution is closely related to the income distribution gap. Moreover, the distribution of education is also related to the level of human capital accumulation in the whole society, thus affecting economic growth. Because of this, education inequality has attracted widespread attention from all walks of life, and the study of education inequality and income distribution gap has important theoretical and practical significance.
Based on the analysis of relevant literature on education inequality and income distribution gap, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of education and income distribution, empirically examines the relationship between education inequality and income distribution gap, and analyzes the internal mechanism of the two. The poverty-stricken strata are at the bottom of the income distribution, and the reduction of poverty helps to narrow the income distribution gap. At the same time, the poverty-stricken strata are often vulnerable groups, which tend to lead to lack of education, so the reduction of poverty also helps to reduce the level of education inequality. The further expansion of matching research enriches the empirical sample of poverty reduction research. Moreover, this paper measures, decomposes and discusses the relationship between education and income mobility, which is based on the expansion of the study of education inequality and income distribution gap from the perspective of opportunity equity. At the same time, education, as an important channel to promote income flow, plays an important role in promoting the fairness of opportunity in income distribution. Therefore, this study on one hand can promote how to promote. Fairness in economic development provides ideas, on the other hand, it enriches the empirical research results of development economics.
The main innovative work of this paper includes:
(1) On the basis of reviewing China's educational inequality, income distribution gap and institutional changes of poverty, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of education and income distribution. The second is to analyze the influence of the government's educational decision-making on the distribution of education and income in light of China's actual conditions, and to clarify the mechanism of educational inequality and income distribution gap. This paper uses Gini coefficient to measure the degree of education inequality systematically in different regions of China, which is the first time in the same kind of literature. Moreover, considering education inequality and income inequality, the paper makes an empirical analysis of the relationship between education inequality and income distribution gap. This paper constructs a simultaneous equation group model including education inequality and income inequality, and estimates it with provincial panel data from 1996 to 2004 and three-stage least squares method. The reduction of education inequality and income inequality is not a simple linear relationship. The reason why education equality and income equality are not mutually reinforcing each other is that besides the reasons for the differences in educational returns at different levels, the structural characteristics of the labor market and the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas have important effects.
(2) Poverty groups are located at the bottom of the income class, which is a special case of income distribution gap. The alleviation of poverty has an important impact on narrowing the income gap and education gap. If the situation of education gap is not improved for a long time, it may lead to a vicious circle of poverty, which will eventually lead to the transition from temporary poverty to persistent poverty and even the deepening of persistent poverty. The results show that access to primary human capital is the key factor for poverty-stricken groups to get rid of poverty, and the reduction of educational inequality is conducive to promoting the poverty-stricken groups to accumulate primary human capital. Tired, and then get rid of poverty.
(3) Income mobility pays more attention to opportunity equity than the unequal results, and the impact of opportunity equity on society is greater. Moreover, in a society with large income distribution gap, adequate income mobility will help narrow the income distribution gap and alleviate the negative effects caused by excessive income distribution gap. From the perspective of income position, income share and social welfare, this paper measures China's income liquidity from 1989 to 2006, and draws a more stable conclusion. On this basis, it decomposes China's income liquidity from the relative position of income for the first time to explore China's income liquidity. Further, this paper constructs an Mlogit model of education and income mobility, and studies the role of education in promoting income mobility. The results show that both rural and urban income mobility experienced a process of first rising and then declining. The turning point was in the mid-late 1990s, but this did not bring about social welfare. The decomposition result of income mobility shows that income mobility mainly concentrates in the middle and low income classes and tends to solidify, which is the internal reason for the reduction of income mobility in China; moreover, under the realistic background of large income distribution gap, the reduction of income mobility is not conducive to the income distribution gap. Finally, education plays a significant role in promoting reasonable income flow, including the development of urban higher education and the provision of rural compulsory education.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：G521;F124.7

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 韓海彬;李全生;;中國(guó)農(nóng)村教育收斂分析——基于省級(jí)面板數(shù)據(jù)的實(shí)證研究[J];教育與經(jīng)濟(jì);2013年02期

2 李曉妍;;高職院校校園文化構(gòu)建與創(chuàng)新——正視階層流動(dòng)性的校園文化反思[J];商業(yè)文化(上半月);2012年03期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 劉潤(rùn)芳;人力資本的居民收入分配效應(yīng)研究[D];西北大學(xué);2012年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 張帆;河南省魯山縣農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育發(fā)展問題研究[D];鄭州大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號(hào)：2225499