【摘要】：為了探索我國(guó)高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員自備比賽器械冗余參賽問(wèn)題,引入自動(dòng)化控制領(lǐng)域的冗余理論與方法,提出了高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員自備比賽器械參賽的三冗余理論,并從多角度進(jìn)行理論分析;其次,以偶發(fā)事件為情境,采用個(gè)案研究法對(duì)10個(gè)項(xiàng)目(乒乓球、網(wǎng)球、羽毛球、射擊、射箭、擊劍、撐桿跳、自行車(chē)、鐵人三項(xiàng)和曲棍球)高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員自備比賽器械的冗余參賽進(jìn)行分析;在個(gè)案研究基礎(chǔ)上,采用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查法和數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)法對(duì)隔網(wǎng)持拍對(duì)抗性項(xiàng)目高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員自備比賽器械的冗余參賽進(jìn)行了探析;最后,采用文獻(xiàn)資料法和半結(jié)構(gòu)式訪談法對(duì)夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)15個(gè)自備比賽器械項(xiàng)目的高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員自備比賽器械的定制進(jìn)行了探討,旨在為促進(jìn)競(jìng)技參賽學(xué)理論體系的完善和發(fā)展略盡綿薄之力。主要結(jié)論如下:(1)運(yùn)動(dòng)員自備比賽器械的三冗余理論是指在競(jìng)賽規(guī)則、經(jīng)費(fèi)、器材質(zhì)量和維護(hù)等因素限制條件下,把三冗余作為運(yùn)動(dòng)員參賽時(shí)進(jìn)行自備比賽器械準(zhǔn)備的基本原則,以應(yīng)對(duì)比賽中自備比賽器械的意外或偶發(fā)事件,或滿足運(yùn)動(dòng)員完成技戰(zhàn)術(shù)的選擇性需求,從而保證運(yùn)動(dòng)員順利參賽。(2)自備比賽器械的偶發(fā)事件為運(yùn)動(dòng)員提供兩種情境,即為冗余參賽的運(yùn)動(dòng)員帶來(lái)了機(jī)會(huì),為未冗余參賽的運(yùn)動(dòng)員帶來(lái)了威脅。偶發(fā)事件出現(xiàn)前,冗余參賽的運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)自備比賽器械的準(zhǔn)備做到有備無(wú)患;偶發(fā)事件出現(xiàn)時(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)員就有機(jī)會(huì)把冗余器械用于一時(shí),正常發(fā)揮競(jìng)技水平;而對(duì)于未冗余參賽的運(yùn)動(dòng)員,則相反。偶發(fā)事件結(jié)束后,運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)器械的維護(hù)追求極致,是冗余器械資源的補(bǔ)充手段,而未冗余參賽的運(yùn)動(dòng)員可能會(huì)加入到冗余參賽行列;運(yùn)動(dòng)員冗余參賽的三個(gè)階段既相對(duì)獨(dú)立又相互聯(lián)系,為運(yùn)動(dòng)員順利參賽,正常發(fā)揮競(jìng)技水平提供了物質(zhì)保障。(3)隔網(wǎng)持拍對(duì)抗性項(xiàng)目中,高水平乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的自備比賽器械多為雙冗余,高水平網(wǎng)球和羽毛球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的自備比賽器械多為多冗余。(4)隔網(wǎng)持拍對(duì)抗性項(xiàng)目高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員對(duì)自備比賽器械使用概率的高低之分、賽中換用器械因素的主次之別表明運(yùn)動(dòng)水平越高的運(yùn)動(dòng)員,其器械感的精細(xì)程度越高。(5)為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自備比賽器械的冗余參賽,隔網(wǎng)持拍對(duì)抗性項(xiàng)目高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員需要綜合考慮球拍及其備件的材質(zhì)、參數(shù)和性能,并結(jié)合自身的技術(shù)特點(diǎn)和個(gè)人習(xí)慣來(lái)選擇球拍配置(優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員要求更高,基本是“私人定制”);權(quán)衡影響自身確定器械冗余度的因素決定所需準(zhǔn)備的器械數(shù)目;賽前對(duì)所備的球拍進(jìn)行適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練以縮小主拍和備用拍之間“器械感”的差距。(6)自備比賽器械項(xiàng)目中,4個(gè)項(xiàng)目高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員的自備比賽器械是定制的,包括自行車(chē)、乒乓球、網(wǎng)球和羽毛球;其他11個(gè)項(xiàng)目高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員的自備比賽器械是非定制的,包括擊劍、射擊、射箭、賽艇、皮劃艇、帆船帆板、現(xiàn)代五項(xiàng)、撐桿跳、鐵人三項(xiàng)、曲棍球、藝術(shù)體操。其中定制的自備比賽器械可以分為完全定制、定制與自備相結(jié)合、定制與專(zhuān)業(yè)人員調(diào)試相結(jié)合三種方式;非定制的自備比賽器械可以分為配發(fā)與自己調(diào)試、配發(fā)與自己適應(yīng)、配發(fā)與專(zhuān)業(yè)人員調(diào)試及租借或使用統(tǒng)一器材四種方式。(7)高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)員自備比賽器械的定制是要滿足運(yùn)動(dòng)員精細(xì)的器械感之個(gè)性化需求,具有精準(zhǔn)性和專(zhuān)屬性。
[Abstract]:In ord to explore that problem of redundant entry of the self-contained competition device of high-level athletes in China, the redundant theory and method in the field of automatic control are introduced, the three-redundant theory of the competition device for high-level athletes is put forward, and the theoretical analysis is carried out from a multi-angle; and secondly, Taking incident as the context, the case study method is adopted to analyze the redundancy of 10 items (table tennis, tennis, badminton, shooting, archery, fencing, pole jumping, bicycle, iron and human triathlon and hockey), and on the basis of case study, The method of questionnaire and mathematical statistics is used to analyze the redundancy of the self-contained competition device of the high-level athletes of the high-level athletes of the high-level athletes by the method of questionnaire and mathematical statistics; and finally, By using the method of literature and semi-structured interview, the customization of the high-level athletes' self-contained competition devices in the 15 self-contained competition devices in the Summer Olympic Games is discussed, and the aim of this paper is to make a little effort to promote the perfection and development of the theoretical system of competitive competition. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The three-redundancy theory of the competitor's self-contained competition device refers to the basic principle of the preparation of the self-contained game device when the three-redundancy is used as the player in the competition rules, funds, equipment quality and maintenance. in order to meet the accident or accident of the self-contained game device in the game, or to meet the selective demand of the athletes to complete the technical tactics, so as to ensure the athletes to participate in the competition smoothly. (2) The incident of the self-contained game device provides two situations for the athletes, that is, the athletes with the redundant competition have the opportunity to pose a threat to the non-redundant athletes. Prior to the occurrence of the incident, the athletes of the redundant competition will be prepared for the preparation of the self-contained competition device; when the accident occurs, the player will have the opportunity to use the redundant device for a period of time and to play the competitive level normally; and for the non-redundant athletes, the opposite will be the same. At the end of the incident, the athlete's pursuit of the device's maintenance is the complementary means of the redundant device resources, and the athletes who do not participate in the competition may be added to the redundant competition. The three stages of the athletes' redundancy competition are both relatively independent and interrelated, and the athletes will participate in the competition smoothly. The normal play level provides material guarantee. (3) The self-contained competition device of the high-level table tennis player is multi-redundant, and the self-contained competition device of the high-level table tennis player is multi-redundant, and the self-contained game device of the high-level table tennis player is multi-redundant. (4) The higher the probability of the use of the self-contained competition device by the high-level athletes of the high-level athletes, the higher the level of motion, the higher the degree of sophistication of the device. (5) In order to achieve the redundant entry of the self-contained competition device, the high-level athletes of the competing project need to comprehensively consider the material, the parameters and the performance of the rackets and their spare parts, and select the racket configuration by combining the technical characteristics of the racket and the personal habits (the requirements for excellent athletes are higher, Basic is 鈥淧rivate customization鈥，

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