【摘要】：為了探索我國高水平運動員自備比賽器械冗余參賽問題,引入自動化控制領域的冗余理論與方法,提出了高水平運動員自備比賽器械參賽的三冗余理論,并從多角度進行理論分析;其次,以偶發(fā)事件為情境,采用個案研究法對10個項目(乒乓球、網球、羽毛球、射擊、射箭、擊劍、撐桿跳、自行車、鐵人三項和曲棍球)高水平運動員自備比賽器械的冗余參賽進行分析;在個案研究基礎上,采用問卷調查法和數理統(tǒng)計法對隔網持拍對抗性項目高水平運動員自備比賽器械的冗余參賽進行了探析;最后,采用文獻資料法和半結構式訪談法對夏季奧運會15個自備比賽器械項目的高水平運動員自備比賽器械的定制進行了探討,旨在為促進競技參賽學理論體系的完善和發(fā)展略盡綿薄之力。主要結論如下:(1)運動員自備比賽器械的三冗余理論是指在競賽規(guī)則、經費、器材質量和維護等因素限制條件下,把三冗余作為運動員參賽時進行自備比賽器械準備的基本原則,以應對比賽中自備比賽器械的意外或偶發(fā)事件,或滿足運動員完成技戰(zhàn)術的選擇性需求,從而保證運動員順利參賽。(2)自備比賽器械的偶發(fā)事件為運動員提供兩種情境,即為冗余參賽的運動員帶來了機會,為未冗余參賽的運動員帶來了威脅。偶發(fā)事件出現前,冗余參賽的運動員對自備比賽器械的準備做到有備無患;偶發(fā)事件出現時,運動員就有機會把冗余器械用于一時,正常發(fā)揮競技水平;而對于未冗余參賽的運動員,則相反。偶發(fā)事件結束后,運動員對器械的維護追求極致,是冗余器械資源的補充手段,而未冗余參賽的運動員可能會加入到冗余參賽行列;運動員冗余參賽的三個階段既相對獨立又相互聯系,為運動員順利參賽,正常發(fā)揮競技水平提供了物質保障。(3)隔網持拍對抗性項目中,高水平乒乓球運動員的自備比賽器械多為雙冗余,高水平網球和羽毛球運動員的自備比賽器械多為多冗余。(4)隔網持拍對抗性項目高水平運動員對自備比賽器械使用概率的高低之分、賽中換用器械因素的主次之別表明運動水平越高的運動員,其器械感的精細程度越高。(5)為了實現自備比賽器械的冗余參賽,隔網持拍對抗性項目高水平運動員需要綜合考慮球拍及其備件的材質、參數和性能,并結合自身的技術特點和個人習慣來選擇球拍配置(優(yōu)秀運動員要求更高,基本是“私人定制”);權衡影響自身確定器械冗余度的因素決定所需準備的器械數目;賽前對所備的球拍進行適應性訓練以縮小主拍和備用拍之間“器械感”的差距。(6)自備比賽器械項目中,4個項目高水平運動員的自備比賽器械是定制的,包括自行車、乒乓球、網球和羽毛球;其他11個項目高水平運動員的自備比賽器械是非定制的,包括擊劍、射擊、射箭、賽艇、皮劃艇、帆船帆板、現代五項、撐桿跳、鐵人三項、曲棍球、藝術體操。其中定制的自備比賽器械可以分為完全定制、定制與自備相結合、定制與專業(yè)人員調試相結合三種方式;非定制的自備比賽器械可以分為配發(fā)與自己調試、配發(fā)與自己適應、配發(fā)與專業(yè)人員調試及租借或使用統(tǒng)一器材四種方式。(7)高水平運動員自備比賽器械的定制是要滿足運動員精細的器械感之個性化需求,具有精準性和專屬性。
[Abstract]:In ord to explore that problem of redundant entry of the self-contained competition device of high-level athletes in China, the redundant theory and method in the field of automatic control are introduced, the three-redundant theory of the competition device for high-level athletes is put forward, and the theoretical analysis is carried out from a multi-angle; and secondly, Taking incident as the context, the case study method is adopted to analyze the redundancy of 10 items (table tennis, tennis, badminton, shooting, archery, fencing, pole jumping, bicycle, iron and human triathlon and hockey), and on the basis of case study, The method of questionnaire and mathematical statistics is used to analyze the redundancy of the self-contained competition device of the high-level athletes of the high-level athletes of the high-level athletes by the method of questionnaire and mathematical statistics; and finally, By using the method of literature and semi-structured interview, the customization of the high-level athletes' self-contained competition devices in the 15 self-contained competition devices in the Summer Olympic Games is discussed, and the aim of this paper is to make a little effort to promote the perfection and development of the theoretical system of competitive competition. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The three-redundancy theory of the competitor's self-contained competition device refers to the basic principle of the preparation of the self-contained game device when the three-redundancy is used as the player in the competition rules, funds, equipment quality and maintenance. in order to meet the accident or accident of the self-contained game device in the game, or to meet the selective demand of the athletes to complete the technical tactics, so as to ensure the athletes to participate in the competition smoothly. (2) The incident of the self-contained game device provides two situations for the athletes, that is, the athletes with the redundant competition have the opportunity to pose a threat to the non-redundant athletes. Prior to the occurrence of the incident, the athletes of the redundant competition will be prepared for the preparation of the self-contained competition device; when the accident occurs, the player will have the opportunity to use the redundant device for a period of time and to play the competitive level normally; and for the non-redundant athletes, the opposite will be the same. At the end of the incident, the athlete's pursuit of the device's maintenance is the complementary means of the redundant device resources, and the athletes who do not participate in the competition may be added to the redundant competition. The three stages of the athletes' redundancy competition are both relatively independent and interrelated, and the athletes will participate in the competition smoothly. The normal play level provides material guarantee. (3) The self-contained competition device of the high-level table tennis player is multi-redundant, and the self-contained competition device of the high-level table tennis player is multi-redundant, and the self-contained game device of the high-level table tennis player is multi-redundant. (4) The higher the probability of the use of the self-contained competition device by the high-level athletes of the high-level athletes, the higher the level of motion, the higher the degree of sophistication of the device. (5) In order to achieve the redundant entry of the self-contained competition device, the high-level athletes of the competing project need to comprehensively consider the material, the parameters and the performance of the rackets and their spare parts, and select the racket configuration by combining the technical characteristics of the racket and the personal habits (the requirements for excellent athletes are higher, Basic is 鈥淧rivate customization鈥，

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