【摘要】：現(xiàn)代足球起源于19世紀(jì)的英國,并從英國擴(kuò)展至整個(gè)歐洲,又從整個(gè)歐洲擴(kuò)展到世界各地,歐洲逐漸成為足球運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展的中心。到目前為止,歐洲依然是足球運(yùn)動(dòng)的主戰(zhàn)場(chǎng),擁有世界最高級(jí)別的聯(lián)賽與球隊(duì),匯集了全世界最高水平的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員,歐洲在足球各領(lǐng)域均已成為世界足球發(fā)展的風(fēng)向標(biāo)。歐洲足球錦標(biāo)賽,簡(jiǎn)稱歐錦賽、歐洲杯,是一項(xiàng)由歐洲足聯(lián)成員國間參加的最高級(jí)別國家級(jí)賽事,其規(guī)模與影響力,是除世界杯賽事外的第二大賽事,若僅論參賽球隊(duì)水平與球員能力,又要高于世界杯賽事。所以對(duì)歐洲足球錦標(biāo)賽進(jìn)行研究,可以很好的了解現(xiàn)代足球的發(fā)展和趨勢(shì)。本文以2016年歐洲杯四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)有效進(jìn)攻特征為研究對(duì)象,通過文獻(xiàn)研究、錄像觀察、邏輯分析、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)等方法,對(duì)2016年歐洲杯四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)有效進(jìn)攻從發(fā)起、發(fā)展、射門三個(gè)階段進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,總結(jié)各隊(duì)有效進(jìn)攻特征,找尋四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)有效進(jìn)攻同異之處。根據(jù)研究結(jié)果,得到以下結(jié)論:第一,在有效進(jìn)攻發(fā)起區(qū)域上,四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)均是前場(chǎng)發(fā)起最多,中場(chǎng)其次,后場(chǎng)則最少;在獲得球權(quán)方式上,四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)都主要通過搶斷方式獲得球權(quán),其他方式各隊(duì)之間均有一定差別存在。第二,在有效進(jìn)攻路線上,四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)均主要選擇中路—中路路線,其次是邊路—中路路線;在有效進(jìn)攻進(jìn)攻方式上,四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)都主要通過短傳滲透方式,其他方式各隊(duì)之間均有一定差別,且短傳滲透、邊路傳中、定位球進(jìn)攻方式成為最主要的進(jìn)球進(jìn)攻方式;在有效進(jìn)攻傳球次數(shù)上,四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)趨于簡(jiǎn)捷,通過0-5次傳球形成射門較多。第三,在四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)有效進(jìn)攻射門方式上,接球調(diào)整射門方式是最主要的射門方式,其次是頭球方式,其他方式各隊(duì)之間均有一定差別,且最終形成進(jìn)球的主要是搶點(diǎn)射門、運(yùn)球突破射門、頭球射門三種方式;在射門區(qū)域上,3區(qū)與5區(qū)是四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)射門最多的兩個(gè)區(qū)域,進(jìn)球射門區(qū)域也同樣在這兩個(gè)區(qū)域最多。第四,在進(jìn)球時(shí)間段上,整體看下半場(chǎng)進(jìn)球數(shù)要高于上半場(chǎng),并且進(jìn)球主要集中在上半場(chǎng)16-45min與下半場(chǎng)46-75min這兩個(gè)時(shí)間段;進(jìn)球球員位置上,雖然四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)進(jìn)球最多的位置不一致,但主要集中在前鋒與前衛(wèi)與中場(chǎng)位置球員進(jìn)球較多。第五,從四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)有效進(jìn)攻發(fā)起、發(fā)展、射門三個(gè)階段看,四強(qiáng)球隊(duì)有很多共性的地方,同樣也有一些細(xì)小的差異,傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)隊(duì)在有效進(jìn)攻特征上存在很大的相同與相似之處,而實(shí)力較弱的威爾士隊(duì),雖與三支傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)隊(duì)有一定差別,但在多數(shù)主要特征上還是較為相似。同時(shí)結(jié)合所得結(jié)論,提出以下建議:第一,球隊(duì)在比賽中應(yīng)貫徹全攻全守的戰(zhàn)術(shù)思想,要進(jìn)行更多的高位逼搶或攔截,前場(chǎng)與中場(chǎng)球員需要更多的參與到防守當(dāng)中,幫助本隊(duì)獲得球權(quán),而且要盡可能在前場(chǎng)獲得球權(quán),縮短進(jìn)攻的距離的同時(shí),也為本方防線減少壓力。第二,有效進(jìn)攻要盡可能趨于簡(jiǎn)捷,傳球次數(shù)要盡可能減少,避免過多的回傳與轉(zhuǎn)移性傳球。進(jìn)攻路線的選擇不能過于單一,應(yīng)更多嘗試邊路與中場(chǎng)的結(jié)合進(jìn)攻路線,使有效進(jìn)攻更加立體。進(jìn)攻方式應(yīng)主要采取短傳滲透、邊路傳中、定位球這三種方式進(jìn)行。第三,射門方式應(yīng)盡可能采取搶點(diǎn)射門、運(yùn)球突破射門、頭球射門,三種射門難度較大,但進(jìn)球率較高,而接球調(diào)整射門方式,球員應(yīng)選擇好的射門時(shí)機(jī),同時(shí)要嘗試將時(shí)機(jī)不好的接球調(diào)整射門方式轉(zhuǎn)化為效率更好的射門方式。在射門區(qū)域上,應(yīng)盡可能在3區(qū)與5區(qū)完成射門最佳,避免距離過近與過遠(yuǎn)射門或角度不好的射門。第四,在比賽開始后,球員要盡快調(diào)整狀態(tài),適應(yīng)比賽節(jié)奏。下半場(chǎng)開始的30分鐘內(nèi),要加強(qiáng)進(jìn)攻,同時(shí)要有足夠的體能優(yōu)勢(shì),以及合理的體能分配策略,在比賽結(jié)束階段,除了要穩(wěn)固防守外,要繼續(xù)保持進(jìn)攻勢(shì)頭,給對(duì)方防守造成壓力的同時(shí)牽制對(duì)方進(jìn)攻能力。從進(jìn)球球員位置看,要增加進(jìn)攻的人數(shù),形成人數(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。第五,增加有效進(jìn)攻的次數(shù),提高有效進(jìn)攻的質(zhì)量是進(jìn)攻戰(zhàn)術(shù)中最為關(guān)鍵的。我們所要做的就是將歷史的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與當(dāng)前先進(jìn)的足球理念結(jié)合,從中找尋適合我國足球的理念,為我國足球進(jìn)步與發(fā)展奉上微薄之力。
[Abstract]:Modern football originated in Britain in the 19th century, and expanded from Britain to Europe, and from Europe to the rest of the world. Europe has gradually become the center of football development. The European Football Championship, referred to as the European Championship and the European Cup, is the highest level of national competition among European Football Federation member states. Its scale and influence is the second largest event except the World Cup, if only the team level and players. Therefore, the study of European Football Championship can well understand the development and trend of modern football. This paper takes the effective attacking characteristics of the top four teams of the 2016 European Cup as the research object, through literature research, video observation, logical analysis, mathematical statistics and other methods, to study the top four teams of the 2016 European Cup. According to the research results, the following conclusions can be drawn: first, in the area of effective attack initiation, the top four teams are the most in the front court, the second in the midfield, the least in the back court; In terms of mode, the top four teams mainly get the ball right by stealing, and there are some differences between the teams in other ways. Second, in the effective attack route, the top four teams mainly choose the middle route - the middle route, followed by the side - the middle route; in the effective attack mode, the top four teams are mainly through short pass infiltration. There are some differences between the other teams, and short pass penetration, side pass, set-piece attack has become the most important way of attack; in the number of effective attack passes, the top four teams tend to be simple, through 0-5 passes to shoot more. It is the most important shooting method, followed by heading method, and there are some differences between the other teams, and the final goal is to snatch the point shot, dribble breakthrough shot, heading shot three ways; in the shooting area, three and five areas are the top four teams shoot the most, the goal shooting area is also in these two areas Fourth, in the goal period, the overall number of goals in the second half is higher than that in the first half, and the goals mainly concentrated in the first half 16-45 minutes and the second half 46-75 minutes of these two periods; goal player position, although the top four teams scored the most inconsistent position, but mainly concentrated in the forward and guard and midfield position players to score goals. Fifth, from the three stages of effective attack initiation, development and shooting, the top four teams have many similarities, but also some small differences. The traditional strong teams have great similarities and similarities in the effective attack characteristics, while the weaker Welsh team, although there are some differences with the three traditional strong teams, but At the same time, combined with the conclusions, the following suggestions are put forward: First, the team should carry out the tactical thinking of full attack and full defense in the game, more high position pressing or intercepting, more front and midfield players need to participate in the defense, to help the team get the ball, and as far as possible in the front court to win. Second, the effective attack should be as simple as possible, the number of passes should be reduced as far as possible, avoiding too many returns and transferable passes. Attacking ways should mainly adopt three ways: short pass penetration, side pass, set-pieces. Thirdly, shooting ways should adopt as far as possible to snatch a point shot, dribble breakthrough shot, header shot, three kinds of shooting more difficult, but the goal rate is higher, while receiving the ball to adjust the shooting method, the player should choose a good shooting time, and try at the same time. In the shooting area, we should try our best to finish shooting in 3 and 5 zones, avoid shooting too close or too far or with poor angle. Fourthly, after the start of the game, the players should adjust their state as soon as possible to adapt to the pace of the game. At the end of the game, in addition to maintaining a solid defense, we should continue to maintain the offensive momentum, which will cause pressure on the defense of the other side and restrain the offensive ability of the other side. From the position of the goal players, we should increase the number of offensive players and form a number advantage. Fifthly, increasing the number of effective attacks and improving the quality of effective attacks are the most critical offensive tactics. What we need to do is to combine the historical experience with the current advanced football concepts, to find out the ideas suitable for our country's football, and to give our football progress and development a modest force.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：太原理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G843

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