經(jīng)驗(yàn)運(yùn)動員動作預(yù)期優(yōu)勢的線索加工特征及其機(jī)制研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-06 08:06
【摘要】：動作預(yù)期是利用知覺信息的部分資源或者先行的線索條件對動作結(jié)果進(jìn)行預(yù)測的行為方式。在復(fù)雜環(huán)境下,良好的預(yù)期能力是與不斷變化的物體或者個體進(jìn)行互動的重要前提。有效的預(yù)期可以彌補(bǔ)由于物體或個體的快速變化而造成的延遲,幫助準(zhǔn)確的感知判斷,并為動作計(jì)劃提供寶貴時間。從進(jìn)化角度,基于環(huán)境線索地對即將發(fā)生的行為結(jié)果做出判斷是個體生存的重要因素,有效的動作預(yù)期可以幫助個體估計(jì)對方(人或動物)的意圖,進(jìn)而更好地準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)對行為。而與日常生活的情境相比,高速變化的體育運(yùn)動領(lǐng)域更是研究動作預(yù)期的典型環(huán)境,對對手的動作做出正確預(yù)期是完成快速應(yīng)對或防守,或進(jìn)攻移動的關(guān)鍵因素。動作預(yù)期能力的高低也是評價個體在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域中專業(yè)水平的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。已有研究顯示優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動員與運(yùn)動新手在動作預(yù)期中采用的方法和效果存在差異,但以往研究更偏向于探討優(yōu)勢的現(xiàn)象,并未對優(yōu)勢存在的可能原因——如何對線索進(jìn)行提取和加工進(jìn)行探索,也未能對專家優(yōu)勢進(jìn)行量化比較。因此,目前仍不清楚由運(yùn)動經(jīng)驗(yàn)形成的動作預(yù)期優(yōu)勢是如何通過線索提取與加工實(shí)現(xiàn)的。本研究將借助動作預(yù)期的典型研究領(lǐng)域——體育運(yùn)動領(lǐng)域,選擇具有高速對抗、且具有明顯線索區(qū)分的乒乓項(xiàng)目,實(shí)現(xiàn)本研究的變量環(huán)境設(shè)置。同時,選取不同運(yùn)動經(jīng)驗(yàn)程度的被試群體,形成高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組、中經(jīng)驗(yàn)組和無經(jīng)驗(yàn)組的梯隊(duì)組別變量。同時,將通過對發(fā)球刺激材料的編輯,實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)球動作中身體線索與飛行線索的分離,系統(tǒng)考察不同運(yùn)動經(jīng)驗(yàn)個體在進(jìn)行動作預(yù)期時對不同線索的利用特征。此外,本研究將在此基礎(chǔ)上,通過腦電信號的采集,通過時間精度的細(xì)致劃分,探討不同經(jīng)驗(yàn)個體在進(jìn)行動作預(yù)期過程中的大腦神經(jīng)活動方式,從而探討運(yùn)動經(jīng)驗(yàn)影響動作預(yù)期線索提取與加工的大腦加工機(jī)制,進(jìn)一步為動作控制與動作學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)部模型提供支持。本研究結(jié)果顯示:實(shí)驗(yàn)1——(1)在觀察僅有身體線索的發(fā)球視頻時,高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組對發(fā)球落點(diǎn)的預(yù)期正確率高于無經(jīng)驗(yàn)組和中經(jīng)驗(yàn)組;(2)當(dāng)觀察視頻延長至出現(xiàn)早期飛行線索時,高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組與中經(jīng)驗(yàn)組對發(fā)球落點(diǎn)的預(yù)期不存在顯著差異,但同時顯著優(yōu)于無經(jīng)驗(yàn)組;實(shí)驗(yàn)2——(3)當(dāng)飛行線索與身體線索發(fā)生沖突時,經(jīng)驗(yàn)組(高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組和中經(jīng)驗(yàn)組)對動作預(yù)期的正確率受影響程度大于無經(jīng)驗(yàn)組;實(shí)驗(yàn)3——(4)經(jīng)驗(yàn)組(高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組和中經(jīng)驗(yàn)組)對身體線索與飛行線索的分辨能力顯著優(yōu)于無經(jīng)驗(yàn)組,但兩者之間不存在顯著差異;(5)經(jīng)驗(yàn)組(高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組和中經(jīng)驗(yàn)組)通過完整身體線索做出對球落點(diǎn)預(yù)期的能力顯著優(yōu)于無經(jīng)驗(yàn)組,但兩者之間不存在顯著差異;實(shí)驗(yàn)4——(6)經(jīng)驗(yàn)組(高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組與中經(jīng)驗(yàn)組)在分辨身體線索與飛行線索匹配度時,其大腦激活方式存在顯著差異,而無經(jīng)驗(yàn)組則沒有區(qū)別;(7)經(jīng)驗(yàn)組(高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組與中經(jīng)驗(yàn)組)在進(jìn)行動作預(yù)期時對身體線索與飛行線索沖突時,大腦激活程度顯著大于無經(jīng)驗(yàn)組,同時,兩組在激活時間上存在差異,高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組發(fā)現(xiàn)沖突的時間更早;實(shí)驗(yàn)5——(8)預(yù)期的有效性對后續(xù)認(rèn)知加工的促進(jìn)作用是對于正確率的提高,而對于反應(yīng)時的促進(jìn)并不明顯;(9)中經(jīng)驗(yàn)組對預(yù)期線索的利用表現(xiàn)出相對保守的傾向,表現(xiàn)為保證正確率優(yōu)先,減緩反應(yīng)速度的策略。通過以上研究結(jié)果,本研究得到以下結(jié)論:(1)相對無經(jīng)驗(yàn)個體,經(jīng)驗(yàn)運(yùn)動員的動作預(yù)期優(yōu)勢來源于對對手身體線索的有效識別;(2)對比不同經(jīng)驗(yàn)程度的個體,高水平選手在動作預(yù)期中具有更迅速的線索提取能力和更高效的線索加工優(yōu)勢;(3)相比無經(jīng)驗(yàn)個體,經(jīng)驗(yàn)運(yùn)動員能在動作預(yù)期中有效覺察出線索的沖突現(xiàn)象,主要通過中央?yún)^(qū)更大的抑制和頂枕區(qū)更大的激活進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。
[Abstract]:Motion anticipation is a kind of behavior that uses part of the resources of perceptual information or prior clue conditions to predict the result of action.In complex environment, good anticipation ability is an important prerequisite for interaction with changing objects or individuals.Effective anticipation can compensate for the rapid change of objects or individuals. From an evolutionary point of view, judging the outcome of an imminent action based on environmental cues is an important factor in an individual's survival. Effective anticipation of an action can help an individual to estimate the intentions of the other person (person or animal) and thus better prepare for coping behavior. Compared with the situation of daily life, the high-speed changing sports field is a typical environment for researching the anticipation of movement. The correct anticipation of the opponent's movement is the key factor to complete the rapid response or defense, or offensive movement. Research shows that there are differences in the methods and effects used by elite athletes and novices in action anticipation, but previous studies have been more inclined to explore the phenomenon of superiority, and have not explored the possible reasons for the existence of superiority-how to extract and process clues, nor have they quantitatively compared the advantages of experts. This study will use the typical research field of motion anticipation - sports field to select table tennis events with high speed confrontation and obvious clue distinction to realize the variable environment settings of this study. At the same time, through editing the stimulus materials, we can realize the separation of body clues and flight clues in the service movement, and systematically investigate the characteristics of using different clues by individuals with different sports experience in anticipation of action. On this basis, this study will explore the neural activity patterns of different experiential individuals in the process of anticipation through the collection of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and the delicate division of time precision, so as to explore the brain processing mechanism of motor experience affecting the extraction and processing of anticipation cues, and further for motor control and kinematics. The results of this study show that: (1) in the experiment 1 - (1) the expected accuracy of the service landing point in the high-experienced group was higher than that in the inexperienced group and the middle-experienced group when the observation video was extended to the early flight clues, the high-experienced group and the middle-experienced group predicted the service landing point. Experiments 2 - (3) When the flight cues conflict with the body cues, the experiential group (high experiential group and middle experiential group) is more affected than the inexperienced group on the correct rate of movement anticipation; Experiments 3 - (4) The experiential group (high experiential group and middle experiential group) on the body cues and flight. The ability of clue discrimination was significantly better than that of the inexperienced group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (5) The ability of the experiential group (the high-experiential group and the middle-experiential group) to predict the ball's landing point through the whole body clue was significantly better than that of the inexperienced group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the activation patterns of the brain between the experiential group and the inexperienced group in distinguishing the matching degree between the body clue and the flight clue, but there was no difference between the inexperienced group and the inexperienced group. There were differences between the high-experience group and the high-experience group. Experiments 5 - (8) Expected validity promoted the follow-up cognitive processing to improve the accuracy, but not to promote the reaction time significantly; (9) Experiencing group showed a relatively conservative tendency to use the expected cues, showing that ensuring the accuracy was priority and slowing down. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Compared with the inexperienced individuals, the superiority of the experienced athletes in anticipation of movement comes from the effective identification of the opponent's body clues; (2) Compared with the individuals with different levels of experience, the high-level athletes have more rapid ability to extract clues and higher ability in anticipation of movement. Effective cue processing advantages; (3) Compared with inexperienced individuals, experienced athletes can effectively detect clue conflicts in action expectations, mainly through greater inhibition in the central area and greater activation of the occipital region to adjust.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海體育學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G804.8
本文編號：2225739
[Abstract]:Motion anticipation is a kind of behavior that uses part of the resources of perceptual information or prior clue conditions to predict the result of action.In complex environment, good anticipation ability is an important prerequisite for interaction with changing objects or individuals.Effective anticipation can compensate for the rapid change of objects or individuals. From an evolutionary point of view, judging the outcome of an imminent action based on environmental cues is an important factor in an individual's survival. Effective anticipation of an action can help an individual to estimate the intentions of the other person (person or animal) and thus better prepare for coping behavior. Compared with the situation of daily life, the high-speed changing sports field is a typical environment for researching the anticipation of movement. The correct anticipation of the opponent's movement is the key factor to complete the rapid response or defense, or offensive movement. Research shows that there are differences in the methods and effects used by elite athletes and novices in action anticipation, but previous studies have been more inclined to explore the phenomenon of superiority, and have not explored the possible reasons for the existence of superiority-how to extract and process clues, nor have they quantitatively compared the advantages of experts. This study will use the typical research field of motion anticipation - sports field to select table tennis events with high speed confrontation and obvious clue distinction to realize the variable environment settings of this study. At the same time, through editing the stimulus materials, we can realize the separation of body clues and flight clues in the service movement, and systematically investigate the characteristics of using different clues by individuals with different sports experience in anticipation of action. On this basis, this study will explore the neural activity patterns of different experiential individuals in the process of anticipation through the collection of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and the delicate division of time precision, so as to explore the brain processing mechanism of motor experience affecting the extraction and processing of anticipation cues, and further for motor control and kinematics. The results of this study show that: (1) in the experiment 1 - (1) the expected accuracy of the service landing point in the high-experienced group was higher than that in the inexperienced group and the middle-experienced group when the observation video was extended to the early flight clues, the high-experienced group and the middle-experienced group predicted the service landing point. Experiments 2 - (3) When the flight cues conflict with the body cues, the experiential group (high experiential group and middle experiential group) is more affected than the inexperienced group on the correct rate of movement anticipation; Experiments 3 - (4) The experiential group (high experiential group and middle experiential group) on the body cues and flight. The ability of clue discrimination was significantly better than that of the inexperienced group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (5) The ability of the experiential group (the high-experiential group and the middle-experiential group) to predict the ball's landing point through the whole body clue was significantly better than that of the inexperienced group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the activation patterns of the brain between the experiential group and the inexperienced group in distinguishing the matching degree between the body clue and the flight clue, but there was no difference between the inexperienced group and the inexperienced group. There were differences between the high-experience group and the high-experience group. Experiments 5 - (8) Expected validity promoted the follow-up cognitive processing to improve the accuracy, but not to promote the reaction time significantly; (9) Experiencing group showed a relatively conservative tendency to use the expected cues, showing that ensuring the accuracy was priority and slowing down. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Compared with the inexperienced individuals, the superiority of the experienced athletes in anticipation of movement comes from the effective identification of the opponent's body clues; (2) Compared with the individuals with different levels of experience, the high-level athletes have more rapid ability to extract clues and higher ability in anticipation of movement. Effective cue processing advantages; (3) Compared with inexperienced individuals, experienced athletes can effectively detect clue conflicts in action expectations, mainly through greater inhibition in the central area and greater activation of the occipital region to adjust.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海體育學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G804.8
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