美國擇校問題研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-07 20:13
【摘要】： 20世紀(jì)后期，美國出現(xiàn)了區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)擇校的當(dāng)代擇校，當(dāng)代擇校的主要特征是賦予家長自由選擇學(xué)校、選擇教育的權(quán)力。美國政府因為不滿公立學(xué)校歷經(jīng)數(shù)次改革后仍沒有更多改善的狀況，寄希望于通過教育消費(fèi)者的自由擇校來培育競爭的教育市場，以刺激公立學(xué)校在競爭的壓力下主動謀求創(chuàng)新、改革和提高，因此自從公立學(xué)校制度建立并確立就近入學(xué)政策以來，，美國歷史上第一次出現(xiàn)了以政府的名義和力量來大力支持、鼓勵和推動擇校發(fā)展的情況。然而政府的鼓勵和支持并沒有使得美國擇校的發(fā)展變得更加順利，相反地，圍繞擇校出現(xiàn)了太多的爭辯和分歧。這些辯論中除了對擇校是否促進(jìn)公立學(xué)校的改善、公立學(xué)校學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)成績的提高、公立學(xué)校家長對學(xué)校滿意度的提升等就事論事式的爭論外，更為重要的分歧在于擇校在追求自由的同時是否會損害公平和平等?擇校是否導(dǎo)致民主社會的價值觀念無法得到傳承?擇校是否會損害美國民族國家的統(tǒng)一等方面。 因此，美國擇校之所以在近40年的發(fā)展過程出現(xiàn)起伏和曲折，正是與這些分歧背后所蘊(yùn)涵的更為深刻的因素具有密切的關(guān)系，這些因素在最概括的層面上講，就是美國自由和平等的理想以及包括個人、國家、利益集團(tuán)的利益在內(nèi)的美國利益。具體說來，一方面，擇校符合美國理想價值中對個人自由的追求，而它所面臨的對于平等和公正的損害的指責(zé)和質(zhì)疑已經(jīng)成為影響擇校繼續(xù)深入發(fā)展的一個重要原因，這也顯現(xiàn)出平等在美國理想中的地位，然而當(dāng)自由和平等必須進(jìn)行取舍時，擇校反映出的就是當(dāng)代美國政治氣氛中更為看重自由的事實，因為政界和學(xué)界的眾多人士認(rèn)為自由將帶來教育效率和質(zhì)量的提高和公立學(xué)校制度的改革，從而為美國繼續(xù)領(lǐng)先世界稱霸世界培養(yǎng)更多的卓越人才，同時，在保守派看來，通過自由擇校培育的競爭的教育市場也為市場經(jīng)濟(jì)原則或私營部門掌握公共領(lǐng)域開辟了道路；另一方面，擇校也能更好地實現(xiàn)和滿足當(dāng)代美國社會中個體的、利益集團(tuán)的、民族國家的利益，他們的政黨利益、經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、宗教種族利益、文化利益等都能在擇校中找到滿足的途徑，同時擇校也會出現(xiàn)使一部分個人或集團(tuán)的利益受損的情況出現(xiàn)，而這種利益的滿足和利益的受損也從一個角度解釋了圍繞擇校出現(xiàn)諸多分歧和論爭的原因。 在不斷的辯論和妥協(xié)中，美國擇校已經(jīng)發(fā)展到21世紀(jì)初，強(qiáng)調(diào)教育消費(fèi)者選擇自由的擇校還將對美國基礎(chǔ)教育的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要的影響，尤其是在未來美國基礎(chǔ)教育管理體制和實施公共教育的主導(dǎo)學(xué)校形式上，它使得市場化的管理體制和區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)公立學(xué)校(government-run school)的“公共學(xué)校”(public school)能在美國基礎(chǔ)教育中發(fā)揮不可小覷的作用。
[Abstract]:In the late 20th century, the contemporary school choice, which is different from the traditional school choice, appeared in the United States. The main feature of the contemporary school choice is to give parents the right to choose the school freely and choose education. The US government, dissatisfied with the fact that public schools have not improved more after several reforms, hopes to foster a competitive education market through the free choice of schools to educate consumers. In order to stimulate public schools to take the initiative to seek innovation, reform and improvement under the pressure of competition, since the establishment of the public school system and the establishment of a nearby admission policy, for the first time in the history of the United States, there has been strong support in the name and strength of the government. Encourage and promote the development of school choice. However, the encouragement and support of the government has not made the development of school choice in the United States more smooth. on the contrary, there have been too many debates and differences over the choice of school. In addition to the case-based debates on whether the choice of school promotes the improvement of public schools, the improvement of academic performance of students in public schools, and the improvement of parents' satisfaction with schools in public schools, The more important difference is whether the pursuit of freedom in the pursuit of school choice will undermine fairness and equality. Does the choice of school lead to the inheritance of the values of a democratic society? Whether the choice of school will damage the unity of the nation-state of the United States and so on. Therefore, the ups and downs and twists and turns of the development process of school selection in the United States in the past 40 years are closely related to the more profound factors behind these differences, which are on the most general level. Is the ideal of freedom and equality in the United States and American interests, including the interests of individuals, countries, and interest groups. Specifically, on the one hand, the choice of school is in line with the pursuit of individual freedom in the ideal values of the United States, and the accusations and doubts it faces about the damage to equality and justice have become an important reason for the further development of school choice. This also shows the status of equality in the ideal of the United States. However, when freedom and equality must be chosen, the choice of school reflects the fact that freedom is more valued in the political atmosphere of the contemporary United States. Because many people in politics and academia believe that freedom will lead to the improvement of the efficiency and quality of education and the reform of the public school system, thus cultivating more outstanding talents for the United States to continue to dominate the world. At the same time, in the view of conservatives, The competitive education market nurtured through the free choice of schools also opens the way for the principle of market economy or the private sector to master the public domain; On the other hand, the choice of school can also better realize and meet the interests of individuals, interest groups, nation-state interests, their political party interests, economic interests, religious and racial interests in contemporary American society. Cultural interests, etc., can be found in the choice of schools to find ways to satisfy, at the same time, the choice of schools will also cause damage to the interests of some individuals or groups, The satisfaction of this interest and the damage of interest also explain the reasons for many differences and debates around the choice of school from a point of view. In the course of continuous debate and compromise, the choice of schools in the United States has developed to the beginning of the 21st century. It is emphasized that the choice of schools freely for consumers will also have an important impact on the development of basic education in the United States. In particular, in the future, the basic education management system in the United States and the leading school form for the implementation of public education, It makes the market-oriented management system and the "public school" (public school), which is different from the traditional public school (government-run school), play an important role in basic education in the United States.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：G571.2
本文編號：2495053
[Abstract]:In the late 20th century, the contemporary school choice, which is different from the traditional school choice, appeared in the United States. The main feature of the contemporary school choice is to give parents the right to choose the school freely and choose education. The US government, dissatisfied with the fact that public schools have not improved more after several reforms, hopes to foster a competitive education market through the free choice of schools to educate consumers. In order to stimulate public schools to take the initiative to seek innovation, reform and improvement under the pressure of competition, since the establishment of the public school system and the establishment of a nearby admission policy, for the first time in the history of the United States, there has been strong support in the name and strength of the government. Encourage and promote the development of school choice. However, the encouragement and support of the government has not made the development of school choice in the United States more smooth. on the contrary, there have been too many debates and differences over the choice of school. In addition to the case-based debates on whether the choice of school promotes the improvement of public schools, the improvement of academic performance of students in public schools, and the improvement of parents' satisfaction with schools in public schools, The more important difference is whether the pursuit of freedom in the pursuit of school choice will undermine fairness and equality. Does the choice of school lead to the inheritance of the values of a democratic society? Whether the choice of school will damage the unity of the nation-state of the United States and so on. Therefore, the ups and downs and twists and turns of the development process of school selection in the United States in the past 40 years are closely related to the more profound factors behind these differences, which are on the most general level. Is the ideal of freedom and equality in the United States and American interests, including the interests of individuals, countries, and interest groups. Specifically, on the one hand, the choice of school is in line with the pursuit of individual freedom in the ideal values of the United States, and the accusations and doubts it faces about the damage to equality and justice have become an important reason for the further development of school choice. This also shows the status of equality in the ideal of the United States. However, when freedom and equality must be chosen, the choice of school reflects the fact that freedom is more valued in the political atmosphere of the contemporary United States. Because many people in politics and academia believe that freedom will lead to the improvement of the efficiency and quality of education and the reform of the public school system, thus cultivating more outstanding talents for the United States to continue to dominate the world. At the same time, in the view of conservatives, The competitive education market nurtured through the free choice of schools also opens the way for the principle of market economy or the private sector to master the public domain; On the other hand, the choice of school can also better realize and meet the interests of individuals, interest groups, nation-state interests, their political party interests, economic interests, religious and racial interests in contemporary American society. Cultural interests, etc., can be found in the choice of schools to find ways to satisfy, at the same time, the choice of schools will also cause damage to the interests of some individuals or groups, The satisfaction of this interest and the damage of interest also explain the reasons for many differences and debates around the choice of school from a point of view. In the course of continuous debate and compromise, the choice of schools in the United States has developed to the beginning of the 21st century. It is emphasized that the choice of schools freely for consumers will also have an important impact on the development of basic education in the United States. In particular, in the future, the basic education management system in the United States and the leading school form for the implementation of public education, It makes the market-oriented management system and the "public school" (public school), which is different from the traditional public school (government-run school), play an important role in basic education in the United States.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：G571.2
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