母嬰依戀關(guān)系的影響因素及其對幼兒期認知和行為發(fā)展作用的研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-17 13:13
【摘要】：在發(fā)展心理學(xué)中,母嬰依戀(infant-mother attachment)特指嬰兒與其母親之間所存在的特殊和強烈的情感關(guān)系。Bowlby創(chuàng)建了依戀理論,用來解釋嬰兒對母親等照顧者的依戀行為和由分離產(chǎn)生的焦慮；并且,依戀理論認為嬰兒可以把依戀對象作為一個進行探索活動的“安全基地(security base)",其與照顧者的重復(fù)交往經(jīng)歷會內(nèi)化成一種工作模型,這種“內(nèi)在工作模型(internal working model)”逐漸被整合到人格結(jié)構(gòu)中去,進而影響兒童的情感、認知和行為等各方面的發(fā)展。 依戀理論的一個重要發(fā)展是Ainsworth創(chuàng)建了對依戀安全性和個體差異性進行測量的“陌生情境法(Strange Situation Procedure, SSP)"以及分類系統(tǒng),把嬰兒與照顧者之間的關(guān)系區(qū)分為三種不同的依戀類型,即：B型(Secure,安全型)A型(Avoidant,回避型)和C型(Resistant,反抗型),后兩種類型為不安全依戀類型。后來,Main等人又區(qū)分出第四種新的不安全依戀類型,即：D型(Disorganized,混亂型)。不同類型的依戀關(guān)系反映了不同類型的內(nèi)部工作模式。 依戀理論和方法學(xué)的建立,大大推動了兒童依戀領(lǐng)域的研究,包括依戀的跨文化研究,依戀的影響因素及其神經(jīng)心理機制的研究,依戀對兒童情感、認知和行為發(fā)展等方面的研究,但我國特別是兒童保健領(lǐng)域在這方面的關(guān)注和研究可謂剛剛開始。 本研究將通過在上海選取健康的母嬰對,對12-18個月嬰兒和其母親之間的依戀類型和特征進行測評及分析,同時通過測評嬰兒的氣質(zhì)特點,母親看護行為的敏感性、母親的人格特征、母親自身的依戀模式、父母的婚姻質(zhì)量及調(diào)查其它家庭養(yǎng)育因素如父母生育年齡、文化程度、經(jīng)濟水平、母親工作狀況、主要帶養(yǎng)人和帶養(yǎng)方式等,探討我國母嬰依戀關(guān)系可能的影響因素；進而縱向隨訪幼兒期兒童與母親的依戀關(guān)系,兒童的認知和行為發(fā)展的結(jié)果,探討早期母嬰依戀質(zhì)量對兒童后期情感、認知和行為發(fā)展的影響作用,以及依戀跨時間的穩(wěn)定性等。 主要研究內(nèi)容和研究結(jié)果如下： 1.母嬰依戀的類型和分布特征 通過選取上海160對健康的母嬰對,采用陌生情境法對12-18個月嬰兒和其母親之間的依戀類型和特征進行測評及分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)： (1)B型占68.2%,A型占7.5%,C型占21.8%,D型占2.5%�？梢�,安全型即B型最多,占主導(dǎo)地位。而在不安全型依戀類型中,C型占絕對優(yōu)勢,然后是A型,D型則最少。 (2)男孩和女孩的母嬰依戀安全性無顯著性的性別差異,不安全依戀類型中,A型、C型和D型的分布亦無顯著性的性別差異(P0.05)。 2.母嬰依戀關(guān)系的影響因素 對160對健康母嬰對,進一步采用Carey氣質(zhì)問卷測評嬰兒氣質(zhì)特點；采用母親行為Q分類量表測評母親對小兒看護的敏感性；采用艾森克人格問卷測評母親的人格特征；采用Olson婚姻質(zhì)量問卷測評父母親的婚姻質(zhì)量；并采用自制問卷調(diào)查小兒的其它家庭養(yǎng)育因素如父母的生育年齡、文化程度、家庭結(jié)構(gòu)、家庭收入、母親的工作狀況、父親的參與度、主要帶養(yǎng)人和帶養(yǎng)方式等,力求探討嬰兒與母親雙方的特點以及其它家庭養(yǎng)育因素對母-嬰依戀關(guān)系的形成及其質(zhì)量的影響作用。結(jié)果顯示： (1)安全型依戀嬰兒的趨避性氣質(zhì)維度得分明顯低于不安全型嬰兒,差異有非常顯著性意義(p0.01)；特別地,反抗型依戀的嬰兒比回避型依戀的嬰兒表現(xiàn)出更高水平的反應(yīng)強度,差異有顯著性意義(p0.05) (2)安全型嬰兒的母親其敏感性分數(shù)明顯高于不安全型嬰兒的母親,差異有非常顯著性意義(p0.01)。 (3)安全型嬰兒和不安全型嬰兒的母親,其人格特征中的E、N、P、L四因素的得分經(jīng)t檢驗,差異均無顯著性意義(p0.05)。 (4)安全型依戀嬰兒的母親對婚姻的滿意度明顯高于不安全依戀嬰兒的母親,差異有顯著性意義(p0.05)。 (5)不安全型嬰兒的主要帶養(yǎng)人數(shù)明顯多于安全型嬰兒,差異有顯著性意義(p0.05)；且不安全型依戀的嬰兒中,與其他帶養(yǎng)人同睡的情況較安全型嬰兒較多見,經(jīng)卡方檢驗,χ2=6.955,P0.05。而父母的生育年齡,受教育的水平、家庭月收入、母親在職或在家的工作狀況、父親的參與度等這些因素在安全型依戀嬰兒和不安全依戀型嬰兒中,差異均未見顯著性意義(p0.05)。 3.依戀的代際傳遞性和穩(wěn)定性 對118對健康母嬰對在兒童的幼兒期進行縱向隨訪,采用成人依戀訪談問卷(AAIQ)測查母親自身的依戀模式,采用兒童行為Q分類法(AQS)測評幼兒與母親的依戀關(guān)系,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)： (1)母親與嬰兒兩者依戀類型之間一一對應(yīng)的總對應(yīng)率為：63.6%,其中安全型母親與其嬰兒的安全性之間的對應(yīng)性最高,其次是專注型。 (2)幼兒期安全型依戀占64.4%,不安全型依戀占35.6%,與嬰兒期依戀安全性的分布基本一致。從嬰兒期至幼兒期依戀安全性之間總的一致率為：88.1%。 4.母嬰依戀關(guān)系對幼兒期認知和行為發(fā)展的影響 對縱向隨訪中的118名幼兒,采用貝莉嬰幼兒發(fā)育量表-第二版(BSID-Ⅱ)測評幼兒的認知發(fā)育水平,采用Achenbach兒童行為問卷(2-3歲)調(diào)查幼兒的行為問題,結(jié)果顯示： (1)安全型嬰兒在幼兒期的MDI(智力發(fā)育指數(shù))水平為102.9±12.6；不安全型嬰兒在幼兒期的MDI水平為97.5±14.8,t=3.322,p0.05,差異有顯著性意義。不安全依戀類型中,回避型的MDI水平為99.7±16.5,與安全型比較,差異無顯著性意義(p0.05)；反抗型的MDI水平為95.1±13.9,明顯低于安全型,差異有顯著性意義(p0.05)；但回避型和反抗型之間的MDI水平,差異無顯著性意義(p0.05))。 (2)安全型依戀嬰兒在幼兒期的行為問題檢出率為9.0%；不安全型的檢出率為22.5%,差異有顯著性意義(p0.05)。 結(jié)論： 上海母嬰依戀類型以安全型(B型)為主,占68.2%,具文化普遍性；而不安全型依戀類型中,C型占絕對優(yōu)勢,與西方國家不同,但與日本韓國的分布較為一致,同時又有各自的文化特點。 影響母嬰依戀關(guān)系的因素與嬰兒和母親雙方的特點,特別是和嬰兒的氣質(zhì)特點、母親在撫養(yǎng)行為中的敏感性都有關(guān)；而母親對婚姻的滿意度、家庭中其他多個帶養(yǎng)人的介入以及帶養(yǎng)方式等對母-嬰依戀質(zhì)量的影響亦不容忽視；母親自身的依戀模式是影響母嬰依戀關(guān)系的另一重要因素。 兒童依戀存在跨時間跨情境的一致性和穩(wěn)定性,嬰兒依戀類型對幼兒期的依戀安全性有著非常高的預(yù)測效度。安全的母嬰依戀關(guān)系為兒童的認知和行為發(fā)展提供了一種更好的可能性；不安全的母嬰依戀關(guān)系可能導(dǎo)致幼兒期的認知損害和更多的行為問題。
[Abstract]:In developmental psychology, infant-mother attachment refers to the special and strong emotional relationship between a baby and its mother. As a "security base" for exploratory activities, its repeated interaction with caregivers is internalized into a work model, which is gradually integrated into the personality structure, thereby affecting children's emotional, cognitive and behavioral development.
An important development of attachment theory is Ainsworth's creation of Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) and classification system to measure attachment safety and individual differences, which classifies the relationship between infants and caregivers into three different attachment types: type B (Secure) type A (Avoidant). Later, Main et al. distinguished a fourth new type of insecure attachment, namely, type D (Disorganized). Different types of attachment reflect different types of internal work patterns.
The establishment of attachment theory and methodology has greatly promoted the research in the field of children's attachment, including the cross-cultural study of attachment, the study of the factors influencing attachment and its neuropsychological mechanism, and the study of attachment on children's emotional, cognitive and behavioral development. However, the attention and research in this field in China, especially in the field of children's health care, can be described as follows. I just started.
This study will evaluate and analyze the attachment types and characteristics between 12-18-month-old infants and their mothers by selecting healthy mothers and infants in Shanghai. Meanwhile, it will also assess the temperament characteristics of infants, the sensitivity of mothers'care behavior, the personality characteristics of mothers, the attachment patterns of mothers themselves, the marital quality of parents and other families. Parenting factors such as parents'reproductive age, educational level, economic level, mother's working status, main caregivers and feeding styles were explored to explore the possible influencing factors of maternal-infant attachment in China; and then longitudinal follow-up study was conducted to explore the relationship between infants' attachment to their mothers, the results of children's cognitive and behavioral development, and to explore the quality of early maternal-infant attachment. The influence of later childhood emotion, cognition and behavior development, and the stability of attachment across time.
The main research contents and results are as follows:
1. types and distribution characteristics of maternal and infant attachment
By choosing 160 pairs of healthy mothers and infants in Shanghai, the types and characteristics of attachment between 12-18 month-old infants and their mothers were assessed and analyzed with the method of unfamiliar situation.
(1) Type B accounted for 68.2%, type A accounted for 7.5%, type C accounted for 21.8%, type D accounted for 2.5%.
(2) There was no significant gender difference in maternal and infant attachment safety between boys and girls, and there was no significant gender difference in the distribution of A, C and D types of insecure attachment (P 0.05).
2. influencing factors of maternal and infant attachment
To 160 pairs of healthy mothers and infants, Carey Temperament Questionnaire was used to assess the infants'temperament characteristics; Mother's sensitivity to child care was assessed by Mother's Behavior Q Classification Scale; Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was used to assess the mothers' personality characteristics; Olson Marriage Quality Questionnaire was used to assess the parents'marital quality; and a self-made questionnaire was used to assess the parents' marital quality. To investigate other family rearing factors of children, such as parents'reproductive age, educational level, family structure, family income, mother's work status, father's participation, main foster and foster ways, and so on, so as to explore the characteristics of both infants and mothers and the influence of other family rearing factors on the formation and quality of mother-infant attachment. The results showed that:
(1) Avoidance temperament dimension score of safe attachment infants was significantly lower than that of unsafe attachment infants (p0.01); in particular, resistant attachment infants showed higher levels of response intensity than avoidance attachment infants, the difference was significant (p0.05).
(2) The sensitivity score of mothers of safe infants was significantly higher than that of mothers of unsafe infants (p0.01).
(3) There was no significant difference in the scores of E, N, P and L in the personality traits between safe and unsafe infants (p0.05).
(4) The satisfaction of mothers of safe attachment infants to marriage was significantly higher than that of mothers of unsafe attachment infants (p0.05).
(5) The number of unsafe infants was significantly higher than that of safe infants (p0.05), and the number of unsafe infants who slept with other parents was more common than that of safe infants. Chi-square test showed that_2 = 6.955, P 0.05. There was no significant difference in working or at home, father involvement and other factors between safe attachment infants and insecure attachment infants (p0.05).
3. intergenerational transmission and stability of attachment
118 pairs of healthy mothers and infants were followed up longitudinally in their infancy. Adult attachment interview questionnaire (AAIQ) was used to examine the attachment patterns of mothers. Child behavior Q classification (AQS) was used to assess the attachment relationship between infants and mothers.
(1) The total corresponding rate of one-to-one attachment between mother and infant was 63.6%. The safety type of mother and infant had the highest corresponding rate, followed by the attention type.
(2) Safe attachment in infancy accounted for 64.4%, insecure attachment accounted for 35.6%, which was basically consistent with the distribution of attachment safety in infancy.
4. the influence of maternal and infant attachment on early childhood cognition and behavior development
In the longitudinal follow-up, 118 children were assessed with the Belle Infant Development Inventory-Second Edition (BSID-II) and the Achenbach Child Behavior Questionnaire (2-3 years old). The results showed that:
(1) The MDI level of safe infants in infancy was 102.9 (+ 12.6); the MDI level of unsafe infants in infancy was 97.5 (+ 14.8), t = 3.322, p0.05, the difference was significant. The MDI level of avoidance type was 99.7 (+ 16.5) in unsafe attachment type, which was not significantly different from that of safe type (p0.05). The level of MDI was 95.1+13.9, which was significantly lower than that of safe type (p0.05), but there was no significant difference between avoidance type and resistance type (p0.05).
(2) The detection rate of behavior problems in infants with safe attachment was 9.0% and that of unsafe attachment was 22.5%. The difference was significant (p0.05).
Conclusion:
The type of maternal and infant attachment in Shanghai is mainly safe type (B type), accounting for 68.2%, with cultural universality; while the type of insecure attachment in Shanghai is absolutely dominant, different from western countries, but with the distribution of Japan and South Korea is more consistent, at the same time have their own cultural characteristics.
The factors affecting maternal-infant attachment are related to the characteristics of both infants and mothers, especially the temperament characteristics of infants, and the sensitivity of mothers in raising behavior. The influence of mothers'satisfaction with marriage, the intervention of other family caregivers and the mode of raising on the quality of maternal-infant attachment can not be ignored. Body attachment pattern is another important factor affecting maternal and infant attachment.
Children's attachment has consistency and stability across time and context, and infant attachment types have very high predictive validity for the safety of attachment in early childhood.Safe maternal-infant attachment provides a better possibility for children's cognitive and behavioral development; unsafe maternal-infant attachment may lead to cognitive impairment in early childhood. Harm and more behavioral problems.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：B844.1
本文編號：2246025
[Abstract]:In developmental psychology, infant-mother attachment refers to the special and strong emotional relationship between a baby and its mother. As a "security base" for exploratory activities, its repeated interaction with caregivers is internalized into a work model, which is gradually integrated into the personality structure, thereby affecting children's emotional, cognitive and behavioral development.
An important development of attachment theory is Ainsworth's creation of Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) and classification system to measure attachment safety and individual differences, which classifies the relationship between infants and caregivers into three different attachment types: type B (Secure) type A (Avoidant). Later, Main et al. distinguished a fourth new type of insecure attachment, namely, type D (Disorganized). Different types of attachment reflect different types of internal work patterns.
The establishment of attachment theory and methodology has greatly promoted the research in the field of children's attachment, including the cross-cultural study of attachment, the study of the factors influencing attachment and its neuropsychological mechanism, and the study of attachment on children's emotional, cognitive and behavioral development. However, the attention and research in this field in China, especially in the field of children's health care, can be described as follows. I just started.
This study will evaluate and analyze the attachment types and characteristics between 12-18-month-old infants and their mothers by selecting healthy mothers and infants in Shanghai. Meanwhile, it will also assess the temperament characteristics of infants, the sensitivity of mothers'care behavior, the personality characteristics of mothers, the attachment patterns of mothers themselves, the marital quality of parents and other families. Parenting factors such as parents'reproductive age, educational level, economic level, mother's working status, main caregivers and feeding styles were explored to explore the possible influencing factors of maternal-infant attachment in China; and then longitudinal follow-up study was conducted to explore the relationship between infants' attachment to their mothers, the results of children's cognitive and behavioral development, and to explore the quality of early maternal-infant attachment. The influence of later childhood emotion, cognition and behavior development, and the stability of attachment across time.
The main research contents and results are as follows:
1. types and distribution characteristics of maternal and infant attachment
By choosing 160 pairs of healthy mothers and infants in Shanghai, the types and characteristics of attachment between 12-18 month-old infants and their mothers were assessed and analyzed with the method of unfamiliar situation.
(1) Type B accounted for 68.2%, type A accounted for 7.5%, type C accounted for 21.8%, type D accounted for 2.5%.
(2) There was no significant gender difference in maternal and infant attachment safety between boys and girls, and there was no significant gender difference in the distribution of A, C and D types of insecure attachment (P 0.05).
2. influencing factors of maternal and infant attachment
To 160 pairs of healthy mothers and infants, Carey Temperament Questionnaire was used to assess the infants'temperament characteristics; Mother's sensitivity to child care was assessed by Mother's Behavior Q Classification Scale; Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was used to assess the mothers' personality characteristics; Olson Marriage Quality Questionnaire was used to assess the parents'marital quality; and a self-made questionnaire was used to assess the parents' marital quality. To investigate other family rearing factors of children, such as parents'reproductive age, educational level, family structure, family income, mother's work status, father's participation, main foster and foster ways, and so on, so as to explore the characteristics of both infants and mothers and the influence of other family rearing factors on the formation and quality of mother-infant attachment. The results showed that:
(1) Avoidance temperament dimension score of safe attachment infants was significantly lower than that of unsafe attachment infants (p0.01); in particular, resistant attachment infants showed higher levels of response intensity than avoidance attachment infants, the difference was significant (p0.05).
(2) The sensitivity score of mothers of safe infants was significantly higher than that of mothers of unsafe infants (p0.01).
(3) There was no significant difference in the scores of E, N, P and L in the personality traits between safe and unsafe infants (p0.05).
(4) The satisfaction of mothers of safe attachment infants to marriage was significantly higher than that of mothers of unsafe attachment infants (p0.05).
(5) The number of unsafe infants was significantly higher than that of safe infants (p0.05), and the number of unsafe infants who slept with other parents was more common than that of safe infants. Chi-square test showed that_2 = 6.955, P 0.05. There was no significant difference in working or at home, father involvement and other factors between safe attachment infants and insecure attachment infants (p0.05).
3. intergenerational transmission and stability of attachment
118 pairs of healthy mothers and infants were followed up longitudinally in their infancy. Adult attachment interview questionnaire (AAIQ) was used to examine the attachment patterns of mothers. Child behavior Q classification (AQS) was used to assess the attachment relationship between infants and mothers.
(1) The total corresponding rate of one-to-one attachment between mother and infant was 63.6%. The safety type of mother and infant had the highest corresponding rate, followed by the attention type.
(2) Safe attachment in infancy accounted for 64.4%, insecure attachment accounted for 35.6%, which was basically consistent with the distribution of attachment safety in infancy.
4. the influence of maternal and infant attachment on early childhood cognition and behavior development
In the longitudinal follow-up, 118 children were assessed with the Belle Infant Development Inventory-Second Edition (BSID-II) and the Achenbach Child Behavior Questionnaire (2-3 years old). The results showed that:
(1) The MDI level of safe infants in infancy was 102.9 (+ 12.6); the MDI level of unsafe infants in infancy was 97.5 (+ 14.8), t = 3.322, p0.05, the difference was significant. The MDI level of avoidance type was 99.7 (+ 16.5) in unsafe attachment type, which was not significantly different from that of safe type (p0.05). The level of MDI was 95.1+13.9, which was significantly lower than that of safe type (p0.05), but there was no significant difference between avoidance type and resistance type (p0.05).
(2) The detection rate of behavior problems in infants with safe attachment was 9.0% and that of unsafe attachment was 22.5%. The difference was significant (p0.05).
Conclusion:
The type of maternal and infant attachment in Shanghai is mainly safe type (B type), accounting for 68.2%, with cultural universality; while the type of insecure attachment in Shanghai is absolutely dominant, different from western countries, but with the distribution of Japan and South Korea is more consistent, at the same time have their own cultural characteristics.
The factors affecting maternal-infant attachment are related to the characteristics of both infants and mothers, especially the temperament characteristics of infants, and the sensitivity of mothers in raising behavior. The influence of mothers'satisfaction with marriage, the intervention of other family caregivers and the mode of raising on the quality of maternal-infant attachment can not be ignored. Body attachment pattern is another important factor affecting maternal and infant attachment.
Children's attachment has consistency and stability across time and context, and infant attachment types have very high predictive validity for the safety of attachment in early childhood.Safe maternal-infant attachment provides a better possibility for children's cognitive and behavioral development; unsafe maternal-infant attachment may lead to cognitive impairment in early childhood. Harm and more behavioral problems.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：B844.1
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