發(fā)布時間：2018-05-30 22:38

  本文選題：古代書院 + 個體德性��； 參考：《中南大學》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：書院是中國古代一種特殊的教育組織,它發(fā)端于唐代,源于私人治學的書齋與朝廷整理圖書典籍的衙門,有民間與官府兩大來源。在后來的發(fā)展過程中,它繼承私學教育的獨立性、平等性及素質教育性并不斷擴大受教群體,以其服務于社會的開放性以及招生授業(yè)的制度性而區(qū)別于私人書齋。同時,它萃取官學教育在辦學層次、課程內容及管理體系方面的系統(tǒng)性與制度化,但又揚棄官學沉迷于科舉之不足而形成自己特定的培養(yǎng)目標與培養(yǎng)方法,尤其以其完備有效的個體德性培育體系而優(yōu)于官學。于是,至宋代,書院作為一種特殊的文化教育制度正式確立。在其后元明清時代時,始終在傳授知識、培養(yǎng)德性、化育人生和安邦治國等方面發(fā)揮著非常重要的作用。 中國古代書院在積極繼承、發(fā)揚儒家德性價值的基礎上,確立了“傳道濟民”的教育宗旨與“育德為先”的教育理念,將道德教育置于整個教育活動的重心與首位,并始終以個體德性培育作為“講學”、“藏書”、“祭祀”與“學田”四大基本規(guī)制的價值導向與努力目標。為了有效貫徹落實教育宗旨與教育理念,古代書院根據(jù)生徒個體的資質、個性和優(yōu)缺點不同而采用因材施教原則,并且根據(jù)個體身心發(fā)展的階段性與差異性實施“分年法”道德教育,即將個體德性培育分為以“學其事”為主要內容的“小學”階段和以“窮其理”為主要內容的“大學”階段,其終極目標則是為了“成圣賢”。 德性是個體能夠自愿、自覺地按照社會普遍價值觀念與道德規(guī)范行動的內在道德素質與人格品質。個體德性培育,其本質就是社會普遍的價值觀念與道德規(guī)范內化為個體道德意識、道德品質,并進而外化為道德行為的過程。古代書院個體德性培育是從“知”“情”“意”“行”四個維度來進行的,即以儒家《四書》、《五經》等經典著作為教材,通過系統(tǒng)的講學論道、開放的學派會講、平等的質疑辯難以及通俗的社會宣教等形式充實生徒道德知識,以愜意的外出游學及結交良師益友豐富生徒道德情感,通過立定志向與不斷破除困難來磨煉生徒道德意志,進而在“明理”的基礎上達到“躬行”,將內在德性轉化為具體的外在道德踐履。 古代書院制定了嚴格的學規(guī)章程及全面的學業(yè)、德業(yè)課考制度,并且非常注重選擇幽靜風雅的自然環(huán)境、建造體現(xiàn)儒家傳統(tǒng)禮制的建筑群落以及創(chuàng)設德性充溢的人文環(huán)境,這些都是書院個體德性培育不可或缺的重要因素。但這只是個體德性提升的外在動力,要使外在社會道德規(guī)范和行為準則能真正為個體所理解、接受與自覺遵從,則必須通過個體的內在修為實現(xiàn)道德內化。古代書院將“修身”置于整個課程體系的首位,要求生徒個體時時通過“自省”檢視自己的言行、糾正自己的錯誤、提高自己的道德修養(yǎng),并且于閑居之時和隱微之處能夠做到“慎獨”,自覺嚴格要求自己,審慎對待自己的言行舉止。 古代書院畢竟是封建社會的產物,必然打上時代的烙印,其德性培育體系存在著諸如以維護封建宗法等級秩序為目標,重視德性培養(yǎng)、輕視知識教育及重視道德義務、輕視道德權利等不足之處。但瑕不掩瑜,古代書院堅持“育德為先”的教育理念,通過系統(tǒng)的講學論道、莊重的祭祀典禮、自由的外出游學和自覺的個體修為等形式,對儒家文化精髓進行挖掘與闡釋、傳播與創(chuàng)新,將儒家普遍價值觀念與道德規(guī)范具體化、生動化、生活化與形象化。以“他律”和“自律”相結合的有效方式,使受業(yè)生徒和普通民眾時時受到儒家文化的熏陶感染和嚴格教化,不斷形成祟高的德性,從而推動了整個社會德性水平不斷提升。這對我們目前在價值觀念多元化、道德評價體系抽象化、德性培養(yǎng)目標理想化的背景下,進行個體道德教育提供了非常有益的借鑒和啟示。
[Abstract]:The academy is a special educational organization in ancient China. It originated in the Tang Dynasty. It originated from the private study study and the government of the court to organize the books and books and books. It has two major sources. In the later development process, it inherited the independence, equality, quality and education of the private education and expanded the teaching group to serve the society. The openness of the meeting and the institutionalization of the enrollment and teaching are different from the private study. At the same time, it extracts the systematization and institutionalization of the educational level, the content and the management system of the school education, but it also discarded the deficiency of the official science and formed its own specific training target and training method, especially with its complete and effective individual. In the Song Dynasty, the Academy was formally established as a special cultural and educational system in the Song Dynasty. In the later Yuan Ming and Qing Dynasties, it played a very important role in imparting knowledge, cultivating virtue, bringing up life and governing the country.
On the basis of the positive inheritance of the Confucian virtues, the ancient Chinese Academy of books established the educational aim of "preaching the people" and the educational idea of "nurturing morality first", putting the moral education in the center of the whole educational activity and first, and always taking the cultivation of individual virtue as "lecture", "book collection", "sacrifice" and "school field". In order to effectively carry out the purpose of education and the idea of education, the ancient academy adopts the principle of teaching students according to their aptitude according to the aptitude, personality and advantages and disadvantages of the individual, and implements the moral education of "sub year law" according to the stages and differences of individual body and mind development, and the individual virtue is about to be carried out by the ancient academy. The ultimate goal of cultivating "elementary school" stage and "poor reason" as the main content is to "learn its affairs" as the main content, and its ultimate goal is to "become a sage".
Virtue is the inner moral quality and personality quality that individual can voluntarily and consciously act in accordance with the universal values and moral norms of the society. The essence of the cultivation of individual virtue is the process of internalizing the values and moral norms of the society into individual moral consciousness, moral quality, and then externalizing to moral behavior. The cultivation of body virtue is carried out from the four dimensions of "knowing", "feeling", "meaning" and "line". That is, the classical books, such as the Confucian "Four Books >" and "the five classics", are used as the textbook. Through the systematic lectures, the open school will speak, the equal questioning and the popular social education and other forms enrich the moral knowledge of the living apprentice. The teachers and beneficial friends enrich the moral emotion of the living apprentice. Through the determination and the constant elimination of the difficulties, the moral will of the living apprentice is tempered, and then the "practice" is achieved on the basis of "Ming Li", and the inherent virtue is transformed into a concrete external moral practice.
The ancient academy has established strict rules of regulation and comprehensive study, the system of moral education, and a great emphasis on the selection of the quiet and elegant natural environment, the construction of the architectural community which embodies the Confucian traditional etiquette system and the creation of the virtuous humane environment. These are all indispensable factors for the cultivation of the individual virtue of the Academy. The external motive of the promotion of virtue is to make the external social moral norms and rules of conduct truly understood by the individual, to accept and consciously comply with, and to realize the moral internalization through the inner self-cultivation of the individual. The ancient academy puts "repair" at the top of the whole curriculum system, and requires the individual to examine his own words by "self reflection" at the time. They can correct their mistakes, improve their moral cultivation, and be able to be "prudent" in the time of living and concealed, and consciously and strictly ask themselves and treat their behavior carefully.
After all, the ancient academy was the product of the feudal society, which was bound to be the brand of the times, and its virtue cultivation system existed such as the maintenance of the feudal patriarchal rank order, the emphasis on the cultivation of virtue, the neglect of knowledge education and moral obligation, and the disregard of moral rights. The concept of education, through systematic lectures, solemn sacrificial ceremonies, free travel and self-conscious individual cultivation, excavates and interprets the essence of Confucian culture, spreads and innovates, makes the universal values and moral norms of the Confucianists concrete, vivid, living and visualized. The effective way of cooperation makes the living apprentice and the common people suffer from the influence of Confucian culture and strict enlightenment, and constantly develop the high virtues, thus promoting the continuous promotion of the whole social virtue level, which is under the background of the diversity of values, the abstraction of the moral evaluation system and the idealization of the training goal of virtue. Individual moral education provides a very useful reference and inspiration.
【學位授予單位】：中南大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：G649.299;G41

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