美國大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐的研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-01 16:23
【摘要】：在我國高等教育發(fā)展中,提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量,全面評價大學(xué)教師工作績效,糾正大學(xué)過于重視科研、忽視教學(xué)的偏差,逐漸成為共識。重科研、輕教學(xué)也是美國高等教育廣受詬病的一個問題。為此,20世紀(jì)90年代美國卡內(nèi)基教學(xué)促進基金會提出了“教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)”的概念,呼吁重視教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù),并開展了一系列教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐活動。之后,越來越多的大學(xué)開展重視教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù),采取一系列措施,鼓勵、支持教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)的發(fā)展。相比對教師個體教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐的研究,本文研究組織機構(gòu)層面的美國大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐。之所以選擇這一角度,除方便研究的開展外,更重要的在于:大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)不能僅依靠教師個體的職業(yè)自覺,更需要從組織化、制度化層面鼓勵、支持、引領(lǐng)教師開展教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐。本文在對教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)的內(nèi)涵、美國大學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐背景進行闡釋的基礎(chǔ)上,采用文獻法、比較法和案例分析法,對美國大學(xué)外部組織和大學(xué)自身的教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐進行了研究。在美國,以卡內(nèi)基教學(xué)促進基金會為代表的民間組織是推動大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐的重要力量。這些民間機構(gòu)通過開展有關(guān)研究、設(shè)立專門項目、提供在線資源、組建專門領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機構(gòu)等途徑,推動大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)的開展。在大學(xué)內(nèi)部,通過增加教學(xué)在教師晉升和獎勵中的權(quán)重、培養(yǎng)研究生的教學(xué)素養(yǎng)、教師招聘時考察教學(xué)能力、設(shè)立項目和獎勵、促進教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)成果交流等多種方式,鼓勵、支持教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)的開展。美國大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)具有校內(nèi)外組織合力推進、實施措施的配套性、參與的廣泛性、內(nèi)容的全面性等特點,雖然在實踐中也面臨著傳統(tǒng)觀念制約、經(jīng)費短缺、評價機制不完善等問題,但總體而言,美國大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐提高了教學(xué)的地位,促進了教學(xué)科學(xué)化。美國大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐的重要啟示:重視大學(xué)育人功能,提高大學(xué)教學(xué)質(zhì)量;回歸學(xué)術(shù)本真內(nèi)涵,全面評價大學(xué)教師;多層面組織參與,構(gòu)建大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐支持系統(tǒng);拓展大學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)實踐途徑,配套實踐措施。
[Abstract]:In the development of higher education in China, it has gradually become a consensus to improve the teaching quality, evaluate the work performance of university teachers in an all-round way, correct too much attention to scientific research and neglect the deviation of teaching in universities. The emphasis on scientific research and less on teaching is also a subject of widespread criticism in American higher education. Therefore, in the 1990s, the Carnegie Foundation for the Promotion of Teaching in the United States put forward the concept of "teaching academic", called for the importance of teaching academic, and carried out a series of teaching academic practice activities. After that, more and more universities pay more and more attention to teaching and learning, and take a series of measures to encourage and support the development of teaching and learning. Compared with the research on teachers' individual teaching academic practice, this paper studies the academic practice of American university teaching at the organizational level. The reason for choosing this angle is that, in addition to facilitating the development of research, it is more important that university teaching and learning not only depend on the professional consciousness of the individual teachers, but also need to be encouraged and supported from a systematic and institutionalized level. Lead teachers to carry out teaching academic practice. On the basis of explaining the connotation of teaching and learning and the background of academic practice in American universities, this paper studies the teaching academic practice of American universities' external organizations and universities themselves by using the method of literature, comparison and case analysis. In the United States, non-governmental organizations, represented by Carnegie Foundation for the Promotion of Teaching, are important forces in promoting academic practice in university teaching. These private institutions promote the development of university teaching and learning by carrying out relevant research, setting up special projects, providing online resources and setting up specialized leading institutions. Within universities, by increasing the weight of teaching in teachers' promotion and reward, cultivating graduate students' teaching literacy, inspecting their teaching ability when recruiting teachers, setting up projects and awards, and promoting the exchange of academic achievements in teaching, etc., To support the development of teaching and learning. The teaching and learning of American universities is characterized by the joint efforts of the organizations in and out of the school, the matching of the implementation measures, the universality of participation, the comprehensiveness of the contents, and so on. Although in practice, they are also faced with the constraints of traditional concepts and the shortage of funds. The evaluation mechanism is not perfect, but generally speaking, the academic practice in American universities improves the status of teaching and promotes the scientization of teaching. The important enlightenment of American university teaching academic practice is to attach importance to the function of university education, to improve the quality of university teaching, to return to the true connotation of academic learning, to evaluate university teachers in an all-round way, to organize the participation of multi-level organizations, and to construct the supporting system of university teaching academic practice. To expand the academic practice of university teaching, supporting practical measures.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G649.712
[Abstract]:In the development of higher education in China, it has gradually become a consensus to improve the teaching quality, evaluate the work performance of university teachers in an all-round way, correct too much attention to scientific research and neglect the deviation of teaching in universities. The emphasis on scientific research and less on teaching is also a subject of widespread criticism in American higher education. Therefore, in the 1990s, the Carnegie Foundation for the Promotion of Teaching in the United States put forward the concept of "teaching academic", called for the importance of teaching academic, and carried out a series of teaching academic practice activities. After that, more and more universities pay more and more attention to teaching and learning, and take a series of measures to encourage and support the development of teaching and learning. Compared with the research on teachers' individual teaching academic practice, this paper studies the academic practice of American university teaching at the organizational level. The reason for choosing this angle is that, in addition to facilitating the development of research, it is more important that university teaching and learning not only depend on the professional consciousness of the individual teachers, but also need to be encouraged and supported from a systematic and institutionalized level. Lead teachers to carry out teaching academic practice. On the basis of explaining the connotation of teaching and learning and the background of academic practice in American universities, this paper studies the teaching academic practice of American universities' external organizations and universities themselves by using the method of literature, comparison and case analysis. In the United States, non-governmental organizations, represented by Carnegie Foundation for the Promotion of Teaching, are important forces in promoting academic practice in university teaching. These private institutions promote the development of university teaching and learning by carrying out relevant research, setting up special projects, providing online resources and setting up specialized leading institutions. Within universities, by increasing the weight of teaching in teachers' promotion and reward, cultivating graduate students' teaching literacy, inspecting their teaching ability when recruiting teachers, setting up projects and awards, and promoting the exchange of academic achievements in teaching, etc., To support the development of teaching and learning. The teaching and learning of American universities is characterized by the joint efforts of the organizations in and out of the school, the matching of the implementation measures, the universality of participation, the comprehensiveness of the contents, and so on. Although in practice, they are also faced with the constraints of traditional concepts and the shortage of funds. The evaluation mechanism is not perfect, but generally speaking, the academic practice in American universities improves the status of teaching and promotes the scientization of teaching. The important enlightenment of American university teaching academic practice is to attach importance to the function of university education, to improve the quality of university teaching, to return to the true connotation of academic learning, to evaluate university teachers in an all-round way, to organize the participation of multi-level organizations, and to construct the supporting system of university teaching academic practice. To expand the academic practice of university teaching, supporting practical measures.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G649.712
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