【摘要】：都鐸王朝(1485-1603)是將英國(guó)古代文明與現(xiàn)代文明有效連接的重要紐帶,英國(guó)的牛津大學(xué)和劍橋大學(xué)也在都鐸時(shí)期的社會(huì)沖突中完美轉(zhuǎn)型,開創(chuàng)了近代大學(xué)的良好開端。探究都鐸王朝時(shí)期牛橋二校的社會(huì)屬性,揭示大學(xué)與社會(huì)、宗教、王權(quán)等廣泛而又復(fù)雜的聯(lián)系,有哪些主觀和客觀因素在這一過程中影響著英國(guó)都鐸王朝時(shí)期大學(xué)的變革,成為值得研究的問題。英國(guó)都鐸王朝時(shí)期大學(xué)的發(fā)展是在王權(quán)與教權(quán)之間的沖突中展開的。牛橋二校成為雙方努力爭(zhēng)取的對(duì)象和沖突的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng),并在不斷的沖突中完成了從中世紀(jì)大學(xué)到現(xiàn)代大學(xué)的轉(zhuǎn)型。根據(jù)馬克思社會(huì)沖突思想,英國(guó)都鐸王朝時(shí)期王權(quán)與教權(quán)的沖突大致可以劃分為潛在對(duì)立期、沖突公開期和沖突平息期三個(gè)階段,大學(xué)也在這三個(gè)階段中受到推動(dòng)、得到發(fā)展。都鐸王朝時(shí)期大學(xué)能在王權(quán)與教權(quán)的激烈沖突中進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,源于生產(chǎn)力與生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的變化,具體表現(xiàn)在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的提高為都鐸時(shí)期經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ),商業(yè)繁榮推動(dòng)了新興資產(chǎn)階級(jí)壯大,世界貿(mào)易的發(fā)展為資本主義完成了原始積累。英國(guó)都鐸王朝時(shí)期牛橋二校的內(nèi)部組織得到進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。兩校均有許多學(xué)院新建或重建,體現(xiàn)了王室和其代表的新興資產(chǎn)階級(jí)意圖借助學(xué)院宣傳其新教思想,擴(kuò)大影響力,并培養(yǎng)統(tǒng)治人才和商業(yè)專業(yè)人才的政治目的。兩校的圖書館在中世紀(jì)時(shí)期的藏書以天主教書籍為主,都鐸王朝時(shí)期先后經(jīng)歷了嚴(yán)重的沖擊和后來的重建。隨著捐贈(zèng)圖書的風(fēng)氣日盛,兩校圖書館的藏書規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大,內(nèi)容也不斷豐富。王室在與教會(huì)的沖突中,逐步取得了對(duì)大學(xué)管理的控制權(quán),包括大學(xué)的院校兩級(jí)管理權(quán)和財(cái)政權(quán)。宗教改革后,都鐸王室對(duì)大學(xué)的教學(xué)和課程進(jìn)行了多次改革,大學(xué)自身也更具現(xiàn)代大學(xué)意味。具體來講,此時(shí)的學(xué)院逐漸成為大學(xué)教學(xué)的中心,講座與辯論也更具有實(shí)用性和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義;文法神醫(yī)專業(yè)課程在因循舊傳統(tǒng)的同時(shí),更多體現(xiàn)出世俗化的特點(diǎn);學(xué)位申請(qǐng)制度則愈加完善和嚴(yán)格。教師與學(xué)生是大學(xué)運(yùn)作系統(tǒng)的兩個(gè)主體構(gòu)成要素。這一時(shí)期的大學(xué)教師雖然在宗教紛爭(zhēng)中艱難生存,但由于收入增多,生活水平和地位有所提高,王室重新確認(rèn)和增加了教師的一些特權(quán),教師的身份標(biāo)簽也從"上帝的代言人"轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)? '人'的塑造者"。隨著學(xué)生數(shù)量增長(zhǎng),貧富差距也隨之?dāng)U大,學(xué)生娛樂活動(dòng)的豐富性體現(xiàn)出人文主義的深刻影響,學(xué)生則開始從追逐神職到熱衷世俗權(quán)力�？傊�,站在現(xiàn)實(shí)的高度,透過沖突的視角,以英國(guó)都鐸王朝時(shí)期大學(xué)發(fā)展為研究脈絡(luò),深入理解英國(guó)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)文化、宗教制度、世俗權(quán)力與牛橋二校發(fā)展變革的內(nèi)在關(guān)系,分析和總結(jié)這一時(shí)期英國(guó)大學(xué)發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)和歷史影響。
[Abstract]:The Tudor Dynasty (1485-1603) is an important link between ancient and modern British civilization. Oxford University and Cambridge University in England transformed perfectly in the social conflict of Tudor period, which opened up a good beginning of modern university. This paper probes into the social attributes of Niuqiao II School in the Tudor Dynasty, and reveals the extensive and complex relations between the university and the society, religion, Wang Quan and so on. What subjective and objective factors have influenced the change of the Tudor University in Britain in this process. It has become a problem worth studying. The development of Tudor University in England was carried out in the conflict between Wang Quan and religious right. Niuqiao II school became the object and battlefield of conflict between the two sides, and completed the transition from medieval university to modern university in the constant conflict. According to Marx's social conflict thought, the conflict between Wang Quan and religious right in the Tudor period of England can be divided into three stages: latent antagonism period, open conflict period and conflict subsiding period, in which universities are promoted and developed. During the Tudor Dynasty, universities could develop further in the fierce conflict between Wang Quan and the right of religion, which originated from the change of productive forces and relations of production. The improvement of agricultural productivity laid the foundation for the economic development of Tudor period. Commercial prosperity promoted the growth of the new bourgeoisie, and the development of world trade completed the primitive accumulation of capitalism. The internal organization of Niuqiao II was further developed during the Tudor period. Many of the two schools have been built or rebuilt, reflecting the intention of the royal family and the new bourgeoisie represented by them to propagate their Protestant ideas, expand their influence, and cultivate the political purpose of governing talents and business professionals. The library of the two schools mainly consisted of Catholic books during the Middle Ages, and the Tudor Dynasty experienced a severe impact and later reconstruction. With the increasing trend of books donation, the library of the two schools is expanding in size and content. In the conflict with the church, the royal family gradually gained control of the university management, including the university's two levels of management and financial power. After the Reformation, the Tudor monarchy reformed the teaching and curriculum of the university many times, and the university itself was more modern. Specifically, the college at this time gradually became the center of university teaching, lectures and debates are more practical and practical significance, grammar medicine professional courses in the light of the old tradition, at the same time, more reflect the characteristics of secularization; The degree application system is more perfect and strict. Teachers and students are the two main components of the university operation system. Although the university teachers of this period were struggling to survive in religious disputes, the royal family reconfirmed and increased some of the privileges of teachers because of the increase in income and the improvement of their living standards and status. The teacher's identity label has also changed from "the spokesman of God" to "the shaper of man". As the number of students increases, the gap between the rich and the poor also expands. The richness of students' entertainment activities reflects the profound influence of humanism, and students begin to go from the pursuit of clerical duty to the love of secular power. In a word, from the perspective of conflict and from the perspective of conflict, the author takes the development of universities in the Tudor Dynasty as the research context, and deeply understands the internal relationship between the social economy and culture, religious system, secular power and the development and transformation of Niuqiao University. This paper analyzes and summarizes the characteristics and historical influence of the development of British universities in this period.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G649.561

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