本文選題：士子階層 + 大學校長　； 參考：《南京師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：在中國歷史上,“士”的演變是個極其復雜的現(xiàn)象。在傳統(tǒng)社會的不同時期,因為社會政治結構和經(jīng)濟結構的變化,傳統(tǒng)士子階層先后經(jīng)歷了先秦的形成和崛起、兩漢魏晉的轉(zhuǎn)變與固化以及唐宋的擴展和厘定等不同演變,終于在清末民初的近代社會轉(zhuǎn)型中再次分化。在此期間,士子的社會角色亦由游士變?nèi)迳娜迳俪墒看蠓�。然后回歸士人身份,最后在古代史后期成為士紳。同時,伴隨傳統(tǒng)士子扮演社會角色的變化,士子階層的文化精神發(fā)生了從“士志于道”到“崇儒尚德”、再到“道法自然”、而后升華到“以天下為己任”的演化。最后,在近代化的過程中,“以天下為己任”的士子階層展現(xiàn)了“自強不息”的行為特質(zhì)。透過這些紛繁多姿的外像,我們看到盡管士子的社會角色不斷變換,但士子階層始終堅持在師生相傳的承繼下開展終身性的學問研習;我們同樣看到無論不同時期的士子階層文化精神怎樣不同,士子階層著眼大群的人倫關懷是以一貫之的。進入近代社會,伴隨由戰(zhàn)爭失敗而引起的新式商業(yè)興起和社會結構變化,傳統(tǒng)知識階層(士子階層)在近代教育體系適應社會需要的進程中逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槎嘣殬I(yè)工作者。其中,由傳統(tǒng)知識階層直接轉(zhuǎn)化而成為的或接受新式教育而成為的新時代知識人成為傳統(tǒng)知識階層社會責任和文化精神的直接繼承者。與此同時,中國傳統(tǒng)高等教育制度經(jīng)過清末學堂化帶來的教育體制、課程內(nèi)容和教育方法的變革以及民國初期教育機構學�；殡S的現(xiàn)代大學理念和管理方式的確立而基本實現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代化。在傳統(tǒng)知識階層進入高等教育界和現(xiàn)代大學的成批建立的背景下,一個個支撐新大學生成的校長,逐漸成為具有很強社會影響力的個體,在群體的視角下,即是大學校長群體。正是這一批具有舊時代遺民特質(zhì)和新時代開拓精神的民國大學校長為中國大學的現(xiàn)代化做出了奠基性的貢獻,亦由此展現(xiàn)了令當代人不斷回念卻又難以重拾的精神風貌。在民國大學校長執(zhí)掌學校的過程中,他們以發(fā)于本能的情感、具有影響力的言論、強有力的實踐和不畏艱難的堅守,呈現(xiàn)了以民族和文化的復興為目的的“愛國精神”;他們以對傳統(tǒng)知識階層尚學、篤學學風的承繼和對西方大學高深學問理念的借鑒,發(fā)見并踐行了以“高深學問”大學觀、“誠篤治學”教師聘任準則和對學生“忠行厚學”期待為內(nèi)涵的“篤學精神”;他們以多育并舉而完滿學生健全人格的教育理念和成就學生生命價值的犧牲精神、奉獻精神和服務精神的教導彰顯了他們對待學生的“厚生”理念;他們以對教育事業(yè)矢志不渝的熱情、對校長職責的扎實推動和對自身工作的長期堅守,構建了秉承文化責任感與民族使命感的“敬業(yè)精神”。在西學東漸、民族危亡的時代背景下,民國大學校長作為傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承者和中華民族的一份子,堅持教育救國道路,致力于發(fā)展中國高等教育事業(yè),實有一種宗教般的精神。近代中國自鴉片戰(zhàn)爭開始,以新中國的成立而終結,歷時百余年。其間歷經(jīng)各種社會沖突、思想潮流和文化變遷,極其復雜。在涉及整個社會的傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代的矛盾中,近代知識階層中的大多數(shù)旗幟鮮明地選擇推進社會的現(xiàn)代化。在近代知識階層中,有這么一批大學校長,他們以建立現(xiàn)代的中國大學為目標,以極其卓越的精神奠基了現(xiàn)代大學的制度基礎。民國大學校長致力于完成高等教育從傳統(tǒng)到現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)變的努力是中國近代社會從傳統(tǒng)到現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)變的一部分,充分展現(xiàn)大學校長們從傳統(tǒng)到現(xiàn)代的精神關懷。這份以人倫關懷為精神來源、以自強不息為行為特質(zhì)、以從傳統(tǒng)到現(xiàn)代為時代任務的精神關懷再次呈現(xiàn)了中國傳統(tǒng)知識階層那份源遠流長而又堅定不移的文化責任感和民族使命感。
[Abstract]:In Chinese history, the evolution of the "Scholar" is a very complicated phenomenon. In the different periods of the traditional society, because of the changes in the social and political structure and the economic structure, the traditional scholar stratum has experienced the formation and rise of the pre Qin Dynasty, the transformation and curing of the Han and Wei Jin Dynasties, the expansion and determination of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and finally the people in the late Qing Dynasty. During the early modern social transformation, the social role of the scholar was also changed from the scholar to the Confucian scholar, from the Confucian scholar to the scholar bureaucrat. Then, he returned to the scholar's identity, and finally became the gentry in the later period of the ancient history. In the course of modernization, the "self - responsibility" of "the world as its own" is shown in the course of modern modernization. Through these numerous and diverse images, we see that though the social roles of the men are constantly changing, we see the men and women. The class has always adhered to the study of lifelong learning under the inheritance of teachers and students. We also see that the different stratum's cultural spirit is different in different periods, and the scholar and sub class focus on the large group of human concern, which has always been in the modern society, with the new business rise and social structure change caused by the loss of war. The traditional knowledge stratum (scholar sub class) has gradually changed into multiple professional workers in the process of adapting the modern educational system to the social needs. Among them, the new era intellectuals, which have been transformed directly from the traditional knowledge stratum, become the direct successors of the social responsibility and cultural spirit of the traditional knowledge stratum. At the same time, the traditional Chinese higher education system has been modernized by the reform of the educational system brought by the late Qing Dynasty, the reform of the course content and the educational methods, and the establishment of the modern university concept and management mode, which is accompanied by the school education of the early Republic of China. Under the background of the establishment of the new university, the principals that support the new university gradually become the individuals with strong social influence. In the view of the group, it is the group of university presidents. It is the foundation of the university presidents of the Republic of China for the modernization of the Chinese University with the characteristics of the old people and the pioneering spirit of the new era. In the course of the presidents of the Republic of the Republic of China, they presented the "patriotic spirit" with the purpose of the revival of the people and the culture. In order to learn from the traditional knowledge class, to learn the inheritance of the style of study, and to learn from the profound knowledge of the western universities, we have seen and practise the "profound learning" view of the University, the principle of "sincere study" of the teachers and the "spirit of learning" for the students' expectation of "faithful learning". The education concept and the sacrifice spirit of the student's life value, the dedication spirit and the service spirit highlight the "thick life" idea that they treat the students; they have a strong passion for the education, the solid promotion of the responsibilities of the principals and the long-term persevering of their own work, and the construction of the sense of cultural responsibility and the national cause. In the era of Western learning and national crisis, the president of the Republic of China, as the successor of the traditional culture and a part of the Chinese nation, insisted on the way of saving the country and committed to the development of China's higher education, and had a religious spirit. Modern China began with the Opium war and became a new China. It lasted for more than a hundred years. During the period of social clashes, ideological trends and cultural changes were extremely complex. In the contradictions involving the traditional and modern society of the whole society, most of the modern intellectuals chose to promote the modernization of the society. In the modern knowledge class, there were such a group of university principals, who built them. The aim of the modern Chinese University is to lay a foundation for the institutional foundation of modern universities. The efforts of the presidents of the Republic of China to complete the transformation of higher education from tradition to modern times are part of the transformation of modern Chinese society from traditional to modern, which fully displays the spiritual care of University presidents from traditional to modern. The spiritual concern of human concern as the spiritual source, and the spiritual care of the time task from the traditional to the modern, and the long and unswerving sense of cultural responsibility and the sense of national mission of the Chinese traditional knowledge stratum.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G647.1

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本文編號：1985297