本文選題：明清 + 寧國府�。� 參考：《安徽大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：書院教育是明清時期寧國府重要的教育形式。明中前期是寧國府書院發(fā)展的沉寂期;嘉靖至萬歷時期,因官學(xué)的衰敗、陽明學(xué)的傳播等原因,眾多書院被創(chuàng)建,書院講會繁榮,發(fā)展進(jìn)入鼎盛期;晚明,受政治劇變和講會衰微的影響,書院陷入沒落。清初,寧國府書院緩慢發(fā)展;康熙晚期至乾隆時期,寧國府書院相當(dāng)繁榮,不僅新建了不少書院,而且書院規(guī)模也擴大了;咸同兵燹使寧國府書院遭受浩劫;戰(zhàn)后,書院得到一定復(fù)興,但隨著清末書院改制,寧國府書院最終退出了歷史舞臺。明清時期寧國府多建于風(fēng)景優(yōu)美、環(huán)境清雅之處;其建筑布局也別有特色,一些規(guī)模較大的書院號舍眾多、設(shè)施完備,建筑命名頗有內(nèi)涵。明清時期寧國府書院通過官府撥付、民間捐輸以及自主經(jīng)營籌措經(jīng)費,但主要是后兩種方式;書院經(jīng)費支出可分為基本建設(shè)與日常運行兩大類,毓文書院和涇川書院日常經(jīng)費的支出可分為山長、生童、行政和其他共四個方面,且各方面經(jīng)費比重差異明顯。但書院經(jīng)費往往因書院產(chǎn)業(yè)被侵蝕而日漸短缺,甚至引發(fā)糾紛。為此,寧國府書院采取了明定章程,載之籍冊和自主經(jīng)營,加強監(jiān)督的措施來應(yīng)對。明代中后期寧國府的書院講會風(fēng)起云涌,這些書院講會活動主要集中于涇縣和宣城縣,尤以水西書院陽明講會著名。這類講會式書院講授內(nèi)容多貼近大眾,機構(gòu)設(shè)置相對簡單,管理比較松散。清代雍正末年以后,寧國府書院山長與其他管理服務(wù)人員的選任、生徒的招收、日常教學(xué)等日益規(guī)范化。此時,毓文書院是傳播漢學(xué)的重要學(xué)府,師生的課余生活十分豐富。祭祀是寧國府書院的重要活動,其內(nèi)容有一定的程式,祭祀對象靈活多樣,有重要的教育作用。清代寧國府不少書院藏書豐富。這些藏書來自于書院自身購置和官民捐贈,與教學(xué)內(nèi)容密切相關(guān),管理和利用也有一套制度章程。明清時期寧國府書院的廣泛設(shè)置有效地滿足了地方教育的需要,促進(jìn)了人才的培養(yǎng)。具體而言,受明代中后期書院講會的影響,寧國府出現(xiàn)了一批陽明學(xué)派學(xué)者,書院生徒在科舉上取得了不錯的成績,該地民風(fēng)也因之善化。清代寧國府書院的貢獻(xiàn)可以旌德毓文書院視角,該書院的不少生徒在功名、學(xué)術(shù)、事功方面成績顯著,還刊刻書籍,一些山長在此也取得了學(xué)術(shù)成果。寧國府書院存在明代中后期和清代康熙晚期至乾隆時期兩個發(fā)展高峰期。這主要是因為這兩個時期社會比較安定、經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮;同時,地方官員的推動也起了重要作用。1901年,應(yīng)清廷的要求,寧國府書院紛紛改制學(xué)堂,但從改制后的一段實踐看,卻很難取得傳播西學(xué)、培育西學(xué)人才的效果。
[Abstract]:College education was an important form of education in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The middle and early Ming Dynasty was the silent period of the development of Ningguofu Academy; from Jiajing to Wanli period, due to the decline of official study and the spread of Yangming School, many academies were established, the academies will flourish, and the development will enter the peak period; in the late Ming Dynasty, Influenced by the political upheaval and the decline of the lecture, the academy fell into decline. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Ningguofu Academy developed slowly; from the late Kangxi period to the Qianlong period, the Ningguofu Academy was quite prosperous, and not only many new academies were built, but also the scale of the academies was enlarged; Xiantong Bingxian caused the Ningguofu Academy to suffer havoc; after the war, The academy got a certain revival, but with the reform of the academy in the late Qing Dynasty, Ningguofu Academy finally withdrew from the historical stage. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Ningguofu was built in beautiful scenery and elegant environment, and its architectural layout also had its own characteristics. Some large academies had numerous buildings, complete facilities, and the naming of buildings had connotations. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Ningguofu Academy allocated by the government, donated and donated by the people and raised funds independently, but mainly in the latter two ways, the expenditure of the academy can be divided into two categories: capital construction and daily operation. The daily expenses of Yujiyuan and Jingchuan Academy can be divided into four aspects: mountain head, children, administration and other aspects, and the proportion of funds in each aspect is obviously different. However, college funding is often eroded by the erosion of college industry, and even lead to disputes. To this end, Ningguofu Academy adopted the regulations, the book and independent management, strengthen supervision measures to deal with. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the academies of Ningguofu were popular, which mainly concentrated on Jing County and Xuancheng County, especially the Yangming Society of Shuixi Academy. This kind of lectures close to the public, the organization is relatively simple, relatively loose management. After the last years of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, the selection of mountain chief and other management service personnel, the recruitment of students and the daily teaching of Ningguofu Academy became more and more standardized. At this time, Yujianyuan is an important school to spread Sinology, and teachers and students have a very rich after-school life. Sacrifice is an important activity of Ningguofu Academy of Classics, and its content has certain program, the object of sacrifice is flexible and diverse, and it plays an important role in education. The Qing Dynasty Ningguofu many academies have a rich collection of books. These books come from the college's own purchase and donation, and are closely related to the teaching content, and the management and utilization also have a set of rules and regulations. The extensive establishment of Ningguofu Academy in Ming and Qing dynasties effectively met the needs of local education and promoted the cultivation of talents. Specifically, under the influence of academies in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a group of Yangming scholars appeared in Ningguofu, and the academies made good achievements in the imperial examination, and the local folk style was also improved as a result. The contribution of Ningguofu Academy in the Qing Dynasty can be seen from the perspective of Jingde Yuzhu Institute of Letters. Many of the college's students made remarkable achievements in fame, scholarship and work, and also published books, in which some mountain chiefs also made academic achievements. There were two peak periods of development of Ningguofu Academy in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and from the late Kangxi to Qianlong period in Qing Dynasty. This is mainly due to the relatively stable society and prosperous economy in these two periods. At the same time, the promotion of local officials also played an important role. In 1901, at the request of the Qing government, Ningguofu academies reformed their schools one after another, but from the perspective of a period of practice after the reform, However, it is difficult to spread western learning and cultivate talents.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K248;G649.299

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