本文選題：大學生　切入點：擇業(yè)觀　出處：《電子科技大學》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：當前大學生“就業(yè)難”現(xiàn)象較為普遍存在,造成大學生“就業(yè)難”的原因是多方面的,比如經濟發(fā)展下行導致就業(yè)崗位不足、人才市場機制不夠規(guī)范健全、社會公共就業(yè)服務體系不夠完善、企業(yè)用工制度不合理、高校擴招導致畢業(yè)生質量下降、就業(yè)結構性矛盾突出等。但大學生自身在擇業(yè)觀當中存在的問題是導致大學生“就業(yè)難”問題的主觀原因,許多時候不是大學生找不到工作,而是他們的擇業(yè)觀存在問題。當前不少文科大學生千軍萬馬擠獨木橋式地去報考公務員就體現(xiàn)了“學而優(yōu)則仕”對擇業(yè)觀的影響根深蒂固,而創(chuàng)業(yè)意識和創(chuàng)新精神的缺乏限制了大學生擇業(yè)渠道的多元化�！熬蜆I(yè)”是民生之本,也是國家發(fā)展之本,為促進大學生充分而順利就業(yè),必須采取有效措施來教育引導大學生,使他們樹立符合自身發(fā)展、國家政策要求以及社會發(fā)展需要的擇業(yè)觀。雖然目前國內學界關于大學生擇業(yè)觀教育的研究成果數(shù)量眾多,但現(xiàn)有研究成果在系統(tǒng)性、層次性、條理性、理論性上均有待提高。其中較為突出的問題是,在當前大學生擇業(yè)觀教育研究中缺乏一致性的標準或規(guī)范,學者們在研究中往往各行其是,由此難以對研究成果進行合理比較。有鑒于此,本文借鑒了思想政治教育結構理論,結合擇業(yè)觀教育的特殊性,建構起了擇業(yè)觀教育的“目標—主體—客體—方法—環(huán)境”分析模式,從目標、主體、客體、方法、環(huán)境等五個要素對我國大學生擇業(yè)觀教育進行研究。根據(jù)經濟發(fā)展階段不同,建國以后的擇業(yè)觀教育可分為三個階段,分別為計劃經濟時期、轉軌經濟時期和市場經濟時期的擇業(yè)觀教育,本文依據(jù)目標、主體、客體、方法和環(huán)境等五要素對上述三個時期的擇業(yè)觀教育進行了概括。就當前我國大學生擇業(yè)觀教育的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀來看,經過制定教育目標、確立教育主體、引導教育客體、探索教育方法以及改善教育環(huán)境等方面的努力,取得了一些顯見成效,教育目標更加合理,教育主體逐漸多元,教育客體積極變化,教育方法漸趨豐富,教育環(huán)境不斷優(yōu)化。當前我國在擇業(yè)觀教育當中取得成績固然值得肯定,當中所存在的問題更值得關注。從黨和國家路線方針政策能看出擇業(yè)觀教育在目標、主體、客體、方法、環(huán)境等五個要素上的應然要求,與上述應然要求相比,當前我國擇業(yè)觀教育在目標、主體、客體、方法與環(huán)境上都存在差距,這就是當前我國擇業(yè)觀教育當中所存在的問題。為改進當前我國擇業(yè)觀教育,必須找到問題的原因方可“對癥下藥”。本文認為,導致當前我國擇業(yè)觀教育存在問題的原因主要在于以下五個方面。第一,擇業(yè)觀教育目標缺少層次性、長期性、全面性;第二,擇業(yè)觀教育社會主體、高校主體及家庭主體的作用發(fā)揮不夠;第三,擇業(yè)觀教育客體在擇業(yè)認知、擇業(yè)理想、擇業(yè)價值、擇業(yè)心理與擇業(yè)實現(xiàn)上存在問題;第四,擇業(yè)觀教育方法缺少針對性、時代性、綜合性;第五,擇業(yè)觀教育環(huán)境存在負面影響。鑒于上述原因,為改進我國大學生擇業(yè)觀教育,需要從目標、主體、客體、方法和環(huán)境等五個要素入手。第一,設定擇業(yè)觀教育的科學目標。本文根據(jù)層次高低、時間跨度和內容維度等三重標準來對目標進行解構。根據(jù)層次高低,可以將目標劃分為個體目標與社會目標;根據(jù)時間跨度,可以將目標劃分為遠期目標、中期目標和近期目標;根據(jù)內容維度,可以將目標劃分為思想教育目標、政治教育目標、道德教育目標和心理教育目標。第二,樹立擇業(yè)觀教育的社會化主體。依據(jù)思想政治教育社會化的基本原則,對擇業(yè)觀教育的應然主體進行了闡釋,主要是從社會主體、高校主體、家庭主體等維度來展開分析,并明確了各主體的職責作用。第三,明確擇業(yè)觀教育的客體要求。根據(jù)本文對大學生擇業(yè)觀的維度分解即擇業(yè)認知、擇業(yè)理想、擇業(yè)價值、擇業(yè)心理和擇業(yè)實現(xiàn)等五個方面,將大學生擇業(yè)觀教育客體要求劃分為理性全面的擇業(yè)認知、崇高合理的擇業(yè)理想、導向正確的擇業(yè)價值、積極健康的擇業(yè)心理以及精詳規(guī)范的擇業(yè)實現(xiàn)等五個方面。第四,豐富擇業(yè)觀教育的實施方法。本文主要論述了理論教育與實踐教育相結合,集體教育與個性教育相結合,說服教育與示范教育相結合,家庭教育學校教育社會教育相結合,充分利用現(xiàn)代教育手段,“交往式”教育,分層次分類別分階段教育等七種方法。第五,優(yōu)化擇業(yè)觀教育的外部環(huán)境。擇業(yè)觀教育不僅處在一定環(huán)境中且受到環(huán)境的影響,同時作為教育者能夠主動選擇并優(yōu)化環(huán)境。根據(jù)從宏觀到微觀的層次標準,本文依次從社會環(huán)境、高校環(huán)境、家庭環(huán)境等三個方面提出了優(yōu)化擇業(yè)觀教育環(huán)境的對策建議。
[Abstract]:The current college students "difficult employment" phenomenon is more widespread, the cause of the difficult employment of college students is in many aspects, such as economic development downturn led to the lack of jobs, the talent market mechanism is not perfect social norms, the public employment service system is not perfect, the enterprise employment system is not reasonable, the expansion of higher education led to the decline in the quality of graduates, employment structural contradictions outstanding. But the students themselves are the subjective causes of the employment problems of college students in view of the problems of employment, not many students can not find a job, but their view of employment problems. Currently many liberal arts students squeeze bridge to thousands upon thousands of horses and soldiers to apply for civil service reflects the "official" of ingrained influence the concept of career, and entrepreneurial awareness and innovative spirit of the lack of limits of diversified channels of employment. "Employment" is the people's livelihood, is also the national development and the promotion of College Students' full employment, must take effective measures to educate and guide students to establish their own development, in line with national policy requirements, and the employment needs of the social development. Although the current domestic academic research on the number of college students career education of many however, the existing research results in systematic, hierarchical, systematic theory, both need to be improved. The most prominent problem is that, in the current employment outlook of college students lack of standard or consistency of educational research, scholars in the study often it is difficult to study each acts in his own way, the results are reasonable. In view of this. This paper from the ideological and political education theory, combining the particularity of education career, constructs the concept of career education "- subject object method Environmental analysis model, from the target, subject, object, method, environment and so on five elements of education of our college students. According to the stage of economic development is different, can be divided into three stages after the founding of the education career, respectively, during the period of planned economy, the education career transition economy period and market the economic period, on the basis of the target, subject, object, method and environment of the five elements of the three period of the concept of career education is summarized. The current situation of Chinese college students career development education, through develop educational goals, the establishment of the subject of education, education object, explore education methods and improve the educational environment the effort made some obvious results, education is more reasonable, the subject of education gradually diversified, the education object of positive change, education method gradually rich, constantly optimize the education environment when. In China, the concept of career education in which achievement is worthy of affirmation, of which the existence of the problem is more worthy of attention. From the party and state policies can see the concept of career education in the target, subject, object, method, basic requirements of the five elements of environment and so on, should be compared with the above requirements, the current our country employment in view of the education goal, subject, object, method and environment gap exists, this is the current our country employment outlook education problems. In order to improve the current concept of career education, we must find the reason for the problem the problem. This paper argues that, in current our country employment outlook education the problems mainly lie in the following five aspects. First, the concept of career education target is lack of hierarchy, long-term, comprehensive; second, the concept of career education in subject and social subject, the main body of the family is not enough to play the role; third, The concept of career education object in career cognition, career ideal, career value, career choice psychology and problems in its implementation; fourth, the concept of career education methods lack pertinence, the times, comprehensive; fifth, employment has a negative impact on education environment. In view of the above reasons, for the improvement of our college career education, from the target, subject, object, method and environment of the five elements. First, setting career scientific goal education. According to the level, time span and content dimension three standards for the target. According to the level, the target can be divided into individual goals and social goals; according to the time span that goal can be divided into long term goals, medium-term goals and short-term objectives; according to the dimension of content, the target can be divided into Ideological and political education education goal, goal, goal of moral education and psychological education The target. Second, employment socialization education. According to the basic principle of socialization of Ideological and political education, career education ought to be subject to the interpretation, mainly from the social subject, the subject, subject to analyze the family dimension, and clear function. The main third, clear career the object of education. According to the requirements of College Students' view of dimension decomposition is career cognition, career ideal, career value, career psychology and employment to achieve five aspects, the employment outlook of college students education object is divided into rational comprehensive career cognition, career ideal lofty reasonable and correct guidance of career value, positive and healthy choosing five aspects of psychological and fine detail specification to realize the employment. Fourth, rich career implementation method education. This paper mainly discusses the combination of theory and practice of Education Education Together, the combination of collective education and personality education, persuasion and education and demonstration of education combined, the combination of family education, school education and social education, make full use of modern means of education, "communication" of education, seven methods of hierarchical classification and stage of education. Fifth, the optimization of career education of the external environment. The concept of career education not only in a certain environment and influenced by environment, at the same time as educators can take the initiative to select and optimize the environment. According to the standard from macro to micro, this paper from the social environment, campus environment, family environment and so on three aspects put forward the optimization countermeasures and suggestions on education of employment environment.

【學位授予單位】：電子科技大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G647.38

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