本文選題：民間組織 + 結(jié)社權(quán)�。� 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：民間組織是一個(gè)承載公民結(jié)社權(quán)、社會(huì)治理、公共服務(wù)等眾多內(nèi)容的綜合性命題。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革和政治體制改革的不斷深化，在逐漸喚起“公民意識(shí)”的同時(shí)，也讓中國(guó)當(dāng)下的民間組織重新定位自身的社會(huì)價(jià)值。 通過(guò)《社會(huì)團(tuán)體登記管理?xiàng)l例》、《民辦非企業(yè)單位登記管理暫行條例》、《基金會(huì)管理?xiàng)l例》三部行政法規(guī)建立起來(lái)的民間組織登記制度，讓政府在登記程序、登記條件、限制性條件、法律后果等方面對(duì)民間組織采取嚴(yán)苛的管控措施。從結(jié)社權(quán)理論分析，我國(guó)民間組織登記制度明顯“重結(jié)社限制、輕結(jié)社自由”，難以滿足公民結(jié)社需求；從行政許可的角度分析，我國(guó)民間組織登記制度中的政府行政行為不加區(qū)分地一概定位為行政許可不僅提高了民間組織的準(zhǔn)入門檻，還會(huì)浪費(fèi)行政資源、影響行政效率；從法人理論分析，我國(guó)民間組織登記制度迫使社會(huì)團(tuán)體必須登記為法人組織的做法缺乏實(shí)際需要，造成大量非法人型民間組織面臨合法性危機(jī)。總體來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)前民間組織登記制度所產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)問(wèn)題，可以從公民、民間組織、政府三個(gè)角度分析。從公民角度看，該制度影響公民結(jié)社自由的行使；從民間組織的角度看，該制度影響民間組織服務(wù)能力的提高和多元化的發(fā)展；從政府角度看，該制度浪費(fèi)大量的行政成本，不利于有限型、服務(wù)型、責(zé)任型政府的構(gòu)建。 可以說(shuō)，這種以“雙重管理”為核心的民間組織登記制度正處于歷史的十字路口，改革成為必然趨勢(shì)。例如，深圳市對(duì)工商經(jīng)濟(jì)類、社會(huì)福利類、公益慈善類等特殊類型的社會(huì)組織登記，取消了業(yè)務(wù)主管單位的批準(zhǔn)登記環(huán)節(jié)，申請(qǐng)人均可直接向社會(huì)組織登記管理機(jī)關(guān)申請(qǐng)登記。這一做法也得到了來(lái)自執(zhí)政黨政策方面的積極肯定。2012年召開的中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十八次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)中提到：“限期實(shí)現(xiàn)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)商會(huì)與行政機(jī)關(guān)真正脫鉤，重點(diǎn)培育和優(yōu)先發(fā)展行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)類、科技類、公益慈善類、城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)服務(wù)類社會(huì)組織，成立時(shí)直接依法申請(qǐng)登記。” 政府對(duì)民間組織“收”與“縮”力度的把握，不僅決定了公民結(jié)社自由的行使空間和民間組織參與社會(huì)服務(wù)的路徑選擇，還在很大程度上考驗(yàn)政府對(duì)創(chuàng)新社會(huì)治理方式的駕馭能力以及對(duì)社會(huì)力量的包容程度。在借鑒國(guó)內(nèi)外實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，筆者從理念更新和立法完善兩個(gè)方面提出了對(duì)我國(guó)民間組織登記制度改革的建議。在理念方面，應(yīng)該科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)結(jié)社權(quán)，理順政府與民間組織的關(guān)系；在立法方面，，制定一部綜合性的《民間組織法》或者《結(jié)社法》成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。新立法應(yīng)該考慮重申憲法規(guī)定的公民結(jié)社權(quán)、對(duì)民間組織分類管理、合理劃分政府職能以及界定行政行為的性質(zhì)、肯定同類型民間組織之間的合理競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、完善民間組織登記制度的財(cái)稅配套措施等問(wèn)題。
[Abstract]:The civil organization is a comprehensive proposition that carries the citizen's right of association, social governance, public service and so on. With the deepening of the reform of the market economy system and the political system, the citizen consciousness has been aroused gradually, and at the same time, the civil organizations in China have been repositioned their own social value. Through the "regulations on the Administration of the Registration of Social organizations", the "interim regulations on the Registration and Administration of Non-enterprise Units run by the people" and the "regulations on the Administration of foundations", the registration system of non-governmental organizations has been established by the three administrative regulations, so that the government can make registration procedures and registration conditions. Restrictive conditions, legal consequences and other aspects of civil society to take strict control measures. From the theoretical analysis of the right of association, the registration system of civil organizations in our country is obviously "emphasizing the restrictions on association and neglecting the freedom of association", so it is difficult to meet the needs of citizens' association. The government administrative behavior in the registration system of civil organizations in our country is defined as administrative license which not only raises the entry threshold of civil organizations, but also wastes administrative resources and affects administrative efficiency. The registration system of civil organizations in our country compels social organizations to register as legal persons, which is lack of practical need, and causes a large number of non-legal organizations to face a crisis of legitimacy. In general, the social problems arising from the current civil organization registration system can be analyzed from three angles: citizen, civil organization and government. From the perspective of citizens, the system affects the exercise of citizens' freedom of association; from the perspective of civil organizations, it affects the improvement of their service capacity and the development of diversity; from the perspective of the Government, the system wastes a great deal of administrative costs. It is unfavorable to the construction of limited, service and responsible government. It can be said that this civil organization registration system with dual management as the core is at the crossroads of history, and reform has become an inevitable trend. For example, Shenzhen city registers special types of social organizations such as industrial and commercial economy, social welfare, public welfare, and so on, cancels the approval registration link of business competent units, and applicants can directly apply for registration to social organization registration authorities. This practice has also been positively affirmed by the ruling party's policy. In the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, held in 2012, it was mentioned that "the time limit has been achieved for the Chamber of Commerce of Trade Associations to truly decouple from the administrative organs." Focus on cultivating and giving priority to the development of trade associations, science and technology, public welfare and charity, urban and rural community service social organizations, when established, directly apply for registration in accordance with the law. " The government's grasp of the strength of "collecting" and "shrinking" of civil organizations not only determines the exercise of freedom of association of citizens and the choice of path for civil organizations to participate in social services. It also tests the government's ability to manage innovative social governance and its tolerance to social forces. On the basis of drawing lessons from domestic and foreign practical experience, the author puts forward some suggestions on the reform of civil organization registration system in China from the aspects of concept renewal and legislative perfection. In the aspect of ideas, we should understand the right of association scientifically and straighten out the relationship between government and civil organizations, and in the aspect of legislation, it is urgent to formulate a comprehensive "Civil Organization Law" or "Association Law". The new legislation should consider reaffirming citizens' right of association as stipulated in the Constitution, classifying civil organizations, rationally dividing government functions and defining the nature of administrative acts, and affirming reasonable competition among civil society organizations of the same type. Improve the civil organization registration system of the fiscal and tax supporting measures and other issues.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D632.9

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