民國時期的酒政研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-06 19:41
【摘要】：酒是人類的一項(xiàng)飲食發(fā)明，在人類所有的飲食文明形態(tài)中，我們幾乎都可以見到酒的存在。中國的釀酒同樣具有久遠(yuǎn)的歷史。早在五千年以前，華夏先民就以其特有的聰明才智，從谷物的發(fā)酵中獲得了酒，讓一代又一代的人為之暢飲，為之陶醉。在浩瀚的歷史長河中，就伴隨著人類的繁衍而傳遞到今天，仍然保持了它特有的活力。 酒的出現(xiàn)，首先產(chǎn)生的是社會效益。從經(jīng)濟(jì)方面看，承續(xù)千年的釀酒產(chǎn)業(yè)曾經(jīng)吸納了數(shù)不清的從業(yè)人員，歷朝歷代的酒稅酒課也時時刻刻補(bǔ)充著國計民生，酒的產(chǎn)業(yè)運(yùn)作早已成為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)鏈條中一個很重要的組成部分，釀酒業(yè)所產(chǎn)生的巨額附加值也一直為經(jīng)濟(jì)人士所關(guān)注。從消費(fèi)領(lǐng)域看，酒既是一種食品，也屬于奢侈品，每當(dāng)災(zāi)荒來臨、食物短缺的時候，歷代王朝都會限制釀酒，以節(jié)約糧食；而當(dāng)社會繁榮、生活富裕的時候，酒又會成為刺激消費(fèi)的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品，拉動經(jīng)濟(jì)的高漲。在中國歷史的進(jìn)程中，酒業(yè)始終是調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的常用杠桿。 酒的出現(xiàn)，為社會提供了一種人際交往的手段。眾人在一起喝酒，共同舉杯，彼此相敬，遠(yuǎn)方有來客，故友再相逢，略備小酌，開懷暢飲，勝過一切表白。酒的作用已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了食品的范疇，而成為人際關(guān)系的紐帶和感情交流的媒介。 民國時期，酒的種類豐富，不僅保留了清代以來的燒酒、黃酒、果酒等傳統(tǒng)酒種，自清末開放通商口岸以來，外國的啤酒、葡萄酒、伏特加等酒類也涌入中國，這些新型的酒種，逐漸被國人所接受，銷量逐年上升。特別是在大中城市，曾一度以吃西餐、喝洋酒為時尚，不少政府官員就將宴飲的場所改在西式酒樓。酒類消費(fèi)量的增大，利潤的增多，刺激了不少商人投資開辦酒廠，不僅如此，在上海、東三省、山東半島等外國人居住較多的地區(qū)，外資酒廠和中外合資的酒廠也出現(xiàn)了。民國時期的酒業(yè)形成了以東部地區(qū)（紹興及其周邊地區(qū)除外）生產(chǎn)新式酒類為主，中西部地區(qū)生產(chǎn)傳統(tǒng)酒類為主的工業(yè)格局。 自清末開始，中國的交通方式有了較大的變化，由傳統(tǒng)的馬車和內(nèi)河航運(yùn)發(fā)展成為公路、鐵路、海運(yùn)并存的多種多樣的運(yùn)輸方式。民國時期，新型的運(yùn)輸方式——航空運(yùn)輸出現(xiàn)。運(yùn)輸?shù)姆奖憧旖�，使酒類的跨區(qū)域流通成為可能，酒類的銷售市場較之清代有了極大的擴(kuò)展。就連不易儲存的紹興酒都可以販運(yùn)至北京和廣東銷售，更不用說經(jīng)過了消毒處理的葡萄酒和啤酒等酒類了。銷售市場的擴(kuò)大又進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了酒類的生產(chǎn)和酒廠的建立。民國建立之前，中國的商人就有比較強(qiáng)的品牌意識，隨著社會的發(fā)展，報紙成為宣傳的重要手段，刊登在報紙上的廣告屢見不鮮。實(shí)業(yè)部等部門為了促進(jìn)商業(yè)的發(fā)展，連續(xù)舉辦了幾屆商品博覽會，也成為各類酒商進(jìn)行宣傳的重要方式。 民國政府在政策上改變了清代后期的重稅政策，將酒類改為專賣，專賣又與古代的榷酤有所不同，而且在近代不同時期對酒的稅收政策也有很大不同。特別是南京國民政府時期，酒稅制度經(jīng)過了不斷地嘗試和調(diào)整，某些規(guī)定已經(jīng)是比較合理的。但不論政策怎么變話，政府都力圖將酒利為國家所用�？v觀民國政府時期的酒政，可以看出酒稅稱為國家財政的一個重要組成部分，但是國家利用酒稅來達(dá)到調(diào)節(jié)酒類生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)的目的卻并沒有達(dá)到。文章分四個時期闡述了民國的酒政，試圖理清酒政在民國時期的發(fā)展及變化，及其所起到的作用，使其對現(xiàn)代酒業(yè)的發(fā)展的起到借鑒作用。 酒經(jīng)過了中華民族五千多年的發(fā)展，幾乎滲透到社會生活的各個領(lǐng)域。中國飲酒、酒器、酒俗的歷史，，可以上溯到人類社會發(fā)展的上古時期。到了近代，中國的酒器、酒具等，逐漸推陳出新，陶罐、瓷罐等酒器在形狀上改變較大、花樣繁多，玻璃酒器、錫制酒具的出現(xiàn)適應(yīng)了新式酒類的需要。酒俗方面，基本上繼承了自古以來的風(fēng)俗，對酒禮酒德的要求也更加細(xì)致。我國的酒文化已經(jīng)形成了一個內(nèi)涵豐富、系統(tǒng)而完整的體系。
[Abstract]:The wine is a human diet, and in all the human diet and civilization, we can hardly see the existence of the wine. China's wine also has a long history. As early as five thousand years ago, the Chinese people, with their own intelligence, obtained wine from the fermentation of the grain, and made the first generation of people drink and intoxicated. In the vast historical river, it has been transferred to today with the multiplication of the human being, and its special vitality is still maintained. The emergence of wine, first of all, is the society From the economic aspect, the wine-making industry of the continued millennium has absorbed many of the employees, and the wine-and-wine courses of the past dynasties are also constantly replenished with the people's livelihood, and the industrial operation of the wine has long been a very important component of the national economy chain In part, the huge added value of the wine industry has also been the economic person In the field of consumption, wine is not only a kind of food, it also belongs to the luxury, every time the famine comes, the food is short, the dynasties of the past dynasties will limit the wine to save the grain; and when the society is prosperous and the life is rich, the wine will become the lead of the stimulation consumption The product, pulling the economy. In the course of Chinese history, the wine industry has always been the most common way to adjust the economic form and the industrial structure The appearance of the wine provides a kind of interpersonal relationship to the society The means of communication. The people drink together, raise the cup together, to each other, and to the visitors in the distance. The effect of the wine is far beyond the scope of the food, and becomes the bond and the feeling of human relations. During the period of the Republic of China, the variety of wine is rich, not only retains the traditional wine such as the wine, the yellow wine and the fruit wine since the Qing Dynasty, since the opening of the trade port in the late Qing Dynasty, the foreign beer, wine, vodka and other wines also poured into China, and these new types of wine, gradually being picked up by the Chinese As a result, sales increase year by year. In particular, in large and medium-sized cities, once to eat western food and drink wine as a fashion, many government officials will have a banquet The place is changed to the western-style wine tower. The increase of the consumption of the wine and the increase of the profit have stimulated many businessmen to invest in the winery. In addition, in Shanghai, the three provinces, Shandong Peninsula and other foreigners live in many areas, foreign-funded wineries and foreign and foreign countries The wine industry in the Republic of China has formed a new type of wine mainly in the eastern region (except for Shaoxing and its surrounding area), and the central and western regions produce traditional wine. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the traffic mode of China has changed greatly, and the traditional carriage and inland waterway development have become the road, railway and sea transportation. A variety of modes of transport. The Republic of China, a new type of transport. The transportation mode _ air transport appears. The transportation is convenient and fast, so that the cross-area circulation of the wine becomes possible, and the sales market of the wine Compared with the Qing Dynasty, it has greatly expanded. Even the less storage of Shaoxing wine can be sold to Beijing and Guangdong, not to mention the disinfection treatment Wine and beer, etc. The expansion of the sales market is further promoted The production of wine and the establishment of the winery. Before the founding of the Republic of China, the Chinese businessmen have a strong sense of brand. With the development of society, the newspaper has become an important means of propaganda and publication. In order to promote the development of the business, the industry and other sectors have held several exhibitions of commodities in order to promote the development of the business. The government of the Republic of China has changed the heavy tax policy in the later period of the Qing Dynasty, changed the wine to monopoly, and the monopoly was different from that of the ancient times, and in the modern times During the period of Nanjing National Government, the wine tax system has been constantly tried and adjusted. Some of the rules have been more reasonable, however, no matter how the policy is changed, The government is trying to bring wine to the country. Throughout the period of the Republic of China's wine administration, it can be seen that the wine tax is known as an important part of the state finance, but the state uses the alcohol tax to achieve the regulation of the wine The purpose of production and consumption is not reached. The article expounds the wine administration in the Republic of China in four periods, tries to clarify the development and change of the wine and government in the period of the Republic of China, and its role to make it The development of the modern wine industry has played a reference role. The wine has been through the Chinese nation for more than five thousand years Development, almost every area of social life. China's history of drinking, wine and wine. and can be traced back to the ancient times of the development of the human society. The appearance of tin-making wine has been adapted to the needs of the new type of wine. The custom of wine and wine is also more detailed. The wine culture in our country is already in shape
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F426.82
本文編號：2315271
[Abstract]:The wine is a human diet, and in all the human diet and civilization, we can hardly see the existence of the wine. China's wine also has a long history. As early as five thousand years ago, the Chinese people, with their own intelligence, obtained wine from the fermentation of the grain, and made the first generation of people drink and intoxicated. In the vast historical river, it has been transferred to today with the multiplication of the human being, and its special vitality is still maintained. The emergence of wine, first of all, is the society From the economic aspect, the wine-making industry of the continued millennium has absorbed many of the employees, and the wine-and-wine courses of the past dynasties are also constantly replenished with the people's livelihood, and the industrial operation of the wine has long been a very important component of the national economy chain In part, the huge added value of the wine industry has also been the economic person In the field of consumption, wine is not only a kind of food, it also belongs to the luxury, every time the famine comes, the food is short, the dynasties of the past dynasties will limit the wine to save the grain; and when the society is prosperous and the life is rich, the wine will become the lead of the stimulation consumption The product, pulling the economy. In the course of Chinese history, the wine industry has always been the most common way to adjust the economic form and the industrial structure The appearance of the wine provides a kind of interpersonal relationship to the society The means of communication. The people drink together, raise the cup together, to each other, and to the visitors in the distance. The effect of the wine is far beyond the scope of the food, and becomes the bond and the feeling of human relations. During the period of the Republic of China, the variety of wine is rich, not only retains the traditional wine such as the wine, the yellow wine and the fruit wine since the Qing Dynasty, since the opening of the trade port in the late Qing Dynasty, the foreign beer, wine, vodka and other wines also poured into China, and these new types of wine, gradually being picked up by the Chinese As a result, sales increase year by year. In particular, in large and medium-sized cities, once to eat western food and drink wine as a fashion, many government officials will have a banquet The place is changed to the western-style wine tower. The increase of the consumption of the wine and the increase of the profit have stimulated many businessmen to invest in the winery. In addition, in Shanghai, the three provinces, Shandong Peninsula and other foreigners live in many areas, foreign-funded wineries and foreign and foreign countries The wine industry in the Republic of China has formed a new type of wine mainly in the eastern region (except for Shaoxing and its surrounding area), and the central and western regions produce traditional wine. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the traffic mode of China has changed greatly, and the traditional carriage and inland waterway development have become the road, railway and sea transportation. A variety of modes of transport. The Republic of China, a new type of transport. The transportation mode _ air transport appears. The transportation is convenient and fast, so that the cross-area circulation of the wine becomes possible, and the sales market of the wine Compared with the Qing Dynasty, it has greatly expanded. Even the less storage of Shaoxing wine can be sold to Beijing and Guangdong, not to mention the disinfection treatment Wine and beer, etc. The expansion of the sales market is further promoted The production of wine and the establishment of the winery. Before the founding of the Republic of China, the Chinese businessmen have a strong sense of brand. With the development of society, the newspaper has become an important means of propaganda and publication. In order to promote the development of the business, the industry and other sectors have held several exhibitions of commodities in order to promote the development of the business. The government of the Republic of China has changed the heavy tax policy in the later period of the Qing Dynasty, changed the wine to monopoly, and the monopoly was different from that of the ancient times, and in the modern times During the period of Nanjing National Government, the wine tax system has been constantly tried and adjusted. Some of the rules have been more reasonable, however, no matter how the policy is changed, The government is trying to bring wine to the country. Throughout the period of the Republic of China's wine administration, it can be seen that the wine tax is known as an important part of the state finance, but the state uses the alcohol tax to achieve the regulation of the wine The purpose of production and consumption is not reached. The article expounds the wine administration in the Republic of China in four periods, tries to clarify the development and change of the wine and government in the period of the Republic of China, and its role to make it The development of the modern wine industry has played a reference role. The wine has been through the Chinese nation for more than five thousand years Development, almost every area of social life. China's history of drinking, wine and wine. and can be traced back to the ancient times of the development of the human society. The appearance of tin-making wine has been adapted to the needs of the new type of wine. The custom of wine and wine is also more detailed. The wine culture in our country is already in shape
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F426.82
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