【摘要】：自改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),中國(guó)家具制造業(yè)取得了巨大發(fā)展,家具產(chǎn)業(yè)已初具規(guī)模。據(jù)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示,2007年中國(guó)家具工業(yè)的總產(chǎn)值達(dá)2416億元,躍居世界首位,成為全球家具的生產(chǎn)大國(guó)和制造中心。家具產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)能力的增強(qiáng)也帶動(dòng)了家具出口貿(mào)易的快速增長(zhǎng),家具產(chǎn)業(yè)已成為中國(guó)出口創(chuàng)匯的重要行業(yè)。2005年中國(guó)一躍成為世界第一大家具出口國(guó)。家具產(chǎn)業(yè)作為勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè),為中國(guó)提供了大量的就業(yè)崗位,出口創(chuàng)收利潤(rùn)可觀,為中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。但是,中國(guó)的家具行業(yè)還不成熟,在出口過(guò)程中還有許多問(wèn)題有待解決,包括外部和內(nèi)部均存在問(wèn)題。因此,在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化背景下,研究我國(guó)家具的出口貿(mào)易中遇到的各種問(wèn)題,繼續(xù)保持快速增長(zhǎng)勢(shì)頭,具有很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 本文第一章,緒論部分是整個(gè)論文的理論指導(dǎo)思想,介紹了針對(duì)中國(guó)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易摩擦的宏觀背景,微觀背景及國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì),并對(duì)相關(guān)的名詞進(jìn)行解釋,為后面的文章展開(kāi)做好鋪墊。從宏觀上講,現(xiàn)在中國(guó)已進(jìn)入國(guó)際貿(mào)易摩擦的高發(fā)期,中國(guó)是當(dāng)前受到貿(mào)易摩擦影響最大的國(guó)家。一方面中國(guó)出口收入可觀,在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的份額不斷擴(kuò)大。并且出口產(chǎn)品也有最初的初級(jí)產(chǎn)品到目前大量的制成品；另一方面,中國(guó)的對(duì)外依存度依然很高,也意味著我國(guó)受到國(guó)際貿(mào)易摩擦的影響波動(dòng)也很大。國(guó)內(nèi)出口企業(yè)之間出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng),更為國(guó)外實(shí)施貿(mào)易摩擦提供可乘之機(jī)。微觀上,我國(guó)家具出口企業(yè)自2003年以來(lái)頻繁遭遇了來(lái)自歐美國(guó)家的貿(mào)易壁壘,包括傳統(tǒng)的反傾銷(xiāo),337調(diào)查,特保調(diào)查,還有新興的綠色貿(mào)易壁壘,如雷斯法案,歐盟的木材條款。本章還詳細(xì)解釋了FSC認(rèn)證的定義及現(xiàn)狀,相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)表明我國(guó)當(dāng)前的FSC認(rèn)證率還很低,短時(shí)間內(nèi)不能擺脫歐盟的綠色貿(mào)易壁壘。 論文第二章對(duì)中國(guó)家具的出口現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析,主要有家具出口的發(fā)展,生產(chǎn)及出口情況,包括總體規(guī)模,商品結(jié)構(gòu),出口地分布,貿(mào)易方式等等,為接下來(lái)的理論分析做好數(shù)據(jù)鋪墊。中國(guó)家具的迅猛發(fā)展始于1979年十一屆三中全會(huì),國(guó)家開(kāi)始貫徹實(shí)施改革開(kāi)放方針。之后,國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)外資機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)我國(guó)投資辦廠,帶來(lái)先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。到20世紀(jì)末,中國(guó)家具業(yè)呈現(xiàn)空前的繁榮,也逐漸走上國(guó)際市場(chǎng)。中國(guó)家具產(chǎn)值占世界總產(chǎn)值的份額,由1983年的不足1%,到2003年達(dá)到兩位數(shù),再到2010年迫近30%。總體是呈穩(wěn)定快速增長(zhǎng)的態(tài)勢(shì)。在產(chǎn)品構(gòu)成上,木質(zhì)家具仍然占比較多,約60%左右,金屬家具占20%多,同時(shí),近幾年數(shù)據(jù)顯示,金屬及竹藤家具比例在擴(kuò)大。在出口地分布上,歐美占據(jù)50%,但是這一比例在縮小,相反,對(duì)東盟,拉丁美洲,非洲的出口占比有所擴(kuò)大。 論文的第三章指出了中國(guó)家具行業(yè)的出口面臨兩方面的問(wèn)題。一是制約中國(guó)家具出口的外部問(wèn)題,主要是反傾銷(xiāo),綠色壁壘,匯率波動(dòng),出口退稅率下調(diào)等因素,其中重點(diǎn)分析FSC森林認(rèn)證對(duì)中國(guó)家具業(yè)出口的影響；制約中國(guó)家具出口規(guī)模擴(kuò)大的首要因素是貿(mào)易壁壘。繼2005年1月,美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)出口臥室木質(zhì)家具征收4.9%至198%不等的反傾銷(xiāo)稅后；2005年11月,加拿大家具業(yè)提出特保調(diào)查申請(qǐng),要求對(duì)中國(guó)家具征收3年的高額附加稅。此外,隨著原材料環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不斷提高,中國(guó)家具出口也將直接受到影響。2010年5月,歐盟委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)關(guān)于授予木制家具生態(tài)標(biāo)簽標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的決議——2009/894/EC。此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)注重于產(chǎn)品的環(huán)保,旨在減少木制家具在其使用過(guò)程中對(duì)環(huán)境和人體健康的影響。由于其使用申請(qǐng)價(jià)格不菲,從而客觀上給木制家具業(yè)設(shè)置添加較高的“綠色壁壘”。2013年3月3日,歐盟將強(qiáng)制實(shí)施“木材及木制品規(guī)例和新環(huán)保設(shè)計(jì)指令”。該指令要求今后出口歐盟的木材生產(chǎn)加工銷(xiāo)售鏈條上的所有廠商,都必須獲得FSC(森林認(rèn)證)的“身份證”,即必須提交木材來(lái)源地、國(guó)家及森林、木材體積和重量、原木供應(yīng)商的名稱地址等證明木材來(lái)源合法性的基本資料。然而,到目前為止,全世界獲得認(rèn)證的木材大約只有10%,而中國(guó)市場(chǎng)上能夠獲得認(rèn)證的木材還不到1%。環(huán)保因素正成為國(guó)外技術(shù)壁壘的突出主題,對(duì)環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相對(duì)較低的我國(guó)家具出口將形成嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。本文重點(diǎn)介紹了FSC森林認(rèn)證對(duì)世界林業(yè)及中國(guó)家具的影響,為中國(guó)家具行業(yè)指明方向。 此外,2010年7月1日出口退稅率下調(diào)政策推出,家具出口退稅由13%下調(diào)至11%或9%；8月23日加工貿(mào)易政策再次調(diào)整,17種家具被列入出口限制類(lèi)商品�！都庸べQ(mào)易禁止類(lèi)商品目錄》將以國(guó)產(chǎn)木材為原料生產(chǎn)的板材、家具等列入禁止出口之列。按照這一目錄中,以國(guó)產(chǎn)木材作原料生產(chǎn)的家具不允許出口,但以進(jìn)口木材生產(chǎn)的家具則不在此列。隨著世界家具市場(chǎng)的不斷發(fā)展,中國(guó)的家具業(yè)正面臨著強(qiáng)勁的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力。東盟國(guó)家正在爭(zhēng)奪中國(guó)的中低檔家具市場(chǎng)份額;而歐美國(guó)家正在搶占中國(guó)高檔家具市場(chǎng)份額。 二是中國(guó)家具行業(yè)在出口過(guò)程中存在的自身問(wèn)題,盲目抄襲,無(wú)品牌意識(shí),出口市場(chǎng)過(guò)于集中等等。家具體現(xiàn)的美感與材料等,具有明顯的公開(kāi)特征。一旦產(chǎn)品面世,其他廠商便可輕而易舉地進(jìn)行仿制和改進(jìn)。國(guó)內(nèi)整個(gè)家具行業(yè),互相抄襲已經(jīng)成為“風(fēng)氣”：小廠仿大廠、大廠仿國(guó)外、同類(lèi)企業(yè)互相仿。造成這種行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀的主要原因是：行業(yè)入行門(mén)檻低,設(shè)計(jì)研發(fā)人員短缺。 隨著國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的不斷開(kāi)放,中國(guó)家具業(yè)已逐漸成為全球家具價(jià)值鏈的一部分。從價(jià)值鏈中不同環(huán)節(jié)的利潤(rùn)分配情況來(lái)看,中國(guó)家具出口企業(yè)在整個(gè)生產(chǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中主要采取OEM等加工貿(mào)易方式。種種狀況表明,中國(guó)家具產(chǎn)業(yè)仍處于產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的低端,家具業(yè)正面臨著一場(chǎng)較高層次上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。如何提高國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)新的產(chǎn)業(yè)增長(zhǎng),這將是一個(gè)迫在眉睫的問(wèn)題。 論文第四章針對(duì)中國(guó)家具行業(yè)出口面臨的內(nèi)外兩方面問(wèn)題,提出了相應(yīng)的對(duì)策： 在企業(yè)層面上,首先,推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí),增加產(chǎn)品附加值。一方面可以遵循從OEM,向ODM,OBM方式的產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)路徑,逐步改變OEM的加工貿(mào)易方式,向自主設(shè)計(jì)和創(chuàng)建自有品牌的方向發(fā)展不斷增加產(chǎn)品的附加價(jià)值。另一方面,中國(guó)家具出口企業(yè)要注重在品牌建設(shè),營(yíng)銷(xiāo)渠道拓展,新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)與設(shè)計(jì)等方面的知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移和吸收,提升經(jīng)營(yíng)管理能力,不斷向高附加值的戰(zhàn)略環(huán)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。其次,優(yōu)化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)。在出口產(chǎn)品品種上,中國(guó)家具業(yè)應(yīng)不斷優(yōu)化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu),在繼續(xù)強(qiáng)化木質(zhì)家具主導(dǎo)出口地位的同時(shí),鼓勵(lì)其他類(lèi)型家具出口增長(zhǎng),尤其是金屬家具和竹藤制家具,這樣可以緩解木質(zhì)家具原材料匱乏的問(wèn)題。再次,開(kāi)拓新的市場(chǎng)并且保住國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。 中國(guó)家具產(chǎn)業(yè)要從依賴某個(gè)國(guó)外目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)向多個(gè)區(qū)域和國(guó)家,要在全球范圍內(nèi)積極尋找和拓展新的目標(biāo)市場(chǎng),例如可以進(jìn)一步開(kāi)拓澳大利亞,東南亞和南美洲地區(qū)的家具市場(chǎng)。出口地區(qū)的多元化開(kāi)發(fā),可以降低由于目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)衰落所造成的出口風(fēng)險(xiǎn),也可避免出口地區(qū)過(guò)于集中所引發(fā)的反傾銷(xiāo),更有利于中國(guó)家具產(chǎn)業(yè)擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模達(dá)到規(guī)模效應(yīng). 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的提高,擁有13億人口的中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)潛力正在顯現(xiàn)。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的家具企業(yè)已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)巨大市場(chǎng),并紛紛借助中國(guó)取消家具進(jìn)口關(guān)稅的機(jī)會(huì),搶占中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)家具高端市場(chǎng),而同時(shí),東南亞國(guó)家的家具商也已開(kāi)始爭(zhēng)搶國(guó)內(nèi)中低端家具市場(chǎng)份額。進(jìn)口家具的快速增長(zhǎng)迫使中國(guó)企業(yè)面臨更加激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),也可以說(shuō)整個(gè)家具行業(yè)面臨嚴(yán)峻考驗(yàn)。面對(duì)13億人口的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng),中國(guó)家具企業(yè)不能放棄,必須轉(zhuǎn)變思路,首先要保住國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。相比國(guó)外企業(yè),本國(guó)企業(yè)更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)：更了解本國(guó)的文化、社會(huì)、法律等；更容易建立銷(xiāo)售渠道；更容易創(chuàng)建知名品牌。 從政府層面上說(shuō),首先規(guī)范行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尤其是森林認(rèn)證體系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。促進(jìn)家具行業(yè)的一體化；其次,要調(diào)整出口政策；再次,要增強(qiáng)政府的談判能力,努力尋求公平的外貿(mào)環(huán)境,加強(qiáng)與國(guó)際市場(chǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接軌,提高產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入；最后,還要鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)進(jìn)行綠色技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。 從行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)層面上,一方面要對(duì)家具出口企業(yè)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)男姓深A(yù)。首先是要對(duì)家具出口企業(yè)的價(jià)格和數(shù)量進(jìn)行監(jiān)控,對(duì)會(huì)員企業(yè)的家具出口價(jià)格進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào),避免出現(xiàn)惡性的價(jià)格戰(zhàn)；其次要為會(huì)員企業(yè)提供各國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策變動(dòng)情況,尤其是在貿(mào)易壁壘方面的傾斜,以便企業(yè)能及時(shí)作出調(diào)整；另外,當(dāng)企業(yè)出口急劇增長(zhǎng)或超過(guò)一定界限時(shí),行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)應(yīng)該及時(shí)提醒企業(yè)引起重視,必要時(shí)可以根據(jù)進(jìn)口國(guó)同類(lèi)企業(yè)的反應(yīng),適當(dāng)?shù)眠M(jìn)行行政干預(yù)。另一方面,還要做好信息傳遞的工作,充分發(fā)揮紐帶作用。首先要及時(shí)向政府反映家具行業(yè)的形勢(shì)以及家具出口遇到的障礙,為企業(yè)爭(zhēng)取更多的政策和資金支持；其次要及時(shí)向企業(yè)提供國(guó)內(nèi)外最新的供求信息,積極為企業(yè)拓展渠道。最后,我國(guó)家具協(xié)會(huì)還要加強(qiáng)與展會(huì)組織機(jī)構(gòu)的溝通合作,為我國(guó)家具出口打造更好的平臺(tái)。 作者希望通過(guò)本文所作的研究,能夠?yàn)橹袊?guó)家具行業(yè)解決出口中的問(wèn)題提供一些建議和幫助,從而使中國(guó)能夠長(zhǎng)久保持世界家具出口強(qiáng)國(guó)的地位,使家具行業(yè)為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)的新的引擎。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, China's furniture manufacturing industry has made great progress, and the furniture industry has begun to take shape. According to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics, the total output value of China's furniture industry reached 241.6 billion yuan in 2007, ranking the first in the world and becoming a major producer and manufacturing center of furniture in the world. With the rapid growth of export trade, the furniture industry has become an important industry for China to earn foreign exchange. In 2005, China leaped to become the world's largest exporter of furniture. As a labor-intensive industry, the furniture industry has provided China with a large number of jobs and considerable profits from exports, making a significant contribution to China's economic growth. China's furniture industry is still immature, and there are still many problems to be solved in the export process, including external and internal problems. Therefore, under the background of economic globalization, it is of great practical significance to study the problems encountered in China's furniture export trade and continue to maintain a rapid growth momentum.
In the first chapter, the introduction part is the theoretical guidance of the whole paper. It introduces the macro-background, micro-background, research status and development trend of China's international trade frictions at home and abroad. It also explains the relevant terms and paves the way for the future articles. On the one hand, China's export earnings are considerable, and its share in the international market is expanding. Moreover, the export products also have the initial primary products to a large number of manufactured goods. On the other hand, China's dependence on foreign countries is still very high, which means that China has been subjected to. The impact of international trade frictions is also very volatile. Serious vicious competition between domestic export enterprises provides opportunities for foreign trade frictions. Micro-level, China's furniture export enterprises have frequently encountered trade barriers from European and American countries since 2003, including traditional anti-dumping, 337 investigations, special protection investigations, and new ones. This chapter also explains the definition and status quo of FSC certification in detail. The relevant data show that China's current FSC certification rate is still very low and can not get rid of the EU's green trade barriers in a short time.
The second chapter of the paper makes a detailed analysis of the export situation of Chinese furniture, mainly including the development of furniture export, production and export, including the overall scale, commodity structure, distribution of export places, trade methods, etc., to pave the way for the following theoretical analysis. After the implementation of the policy of reform and opening-up, the state encouraged foreign-funded institutions to invest in factories and bring in advanced production technology. By the end of the 20th century, China's furniture industry had an unprecedented prosperity and gradually entered the international market. In terms of product composition, wood furniture still accounts for more than 60%, metal furniture accounts for more than 20%. At the same time, recent data show that the proportion of metal and bamboo and rattan furniture is expanding. Latin America and Africa expanded their share of exports.
Chapter 3 of the paper points out that China's furniture export faces two problems. First, the external problems that restrict China's furniture export are mainly anti-dumping, green barriers, exchange rate fluctuations, export rebate rate reduction and other factors. Among them, the impact of FSC forest certification on China's furniture export is mainly analyzed. Following the 4.9% to 198% anti-dumping duties imposed by the United States on China's export of bedroom wooden furniture in January 2005, the Canadian furniture industry filed a special guarantee investigation in November 2005, demanding a three-year high surcharge on Chinese furniture. In addition, with the improvement of environmental protection standards for raw materials, China has been imposing a three-year surcharge on Chinese furniture. Furniture exports will also be directly affected. In May 2010, the European Commission approved a resolution on the award of eco-labelling standards for wooden furniture, 2009/894/EC. The standards focus on environmental protection and aim to reduce the impact on the environment and human health of wooden furniture in the course of its use. On March 3, 2013, the European Union will enforce the "Wood and Wood Regulations and the New Environmental Protection Design Directive". The Directive requires all vendors on the wood production, processing and marketing chain to be exported to the European Union in the future to obtain the FSC (Forest Certification) identity card. Submit basic information on the origin, country and forest, volume and weight of timber, name and address of log supplier to prove the legitimacy of timber sources. However, so far, only about 10% of the world's certified timber has been certified, while less than 1% of the timber in the Chinese market can be certified. Environmental factors are becoming a technological wall abroad. The prominent theme will pose a serious challenge to China's furniture exports with relatively low environmental standards. This paper focuses on the impact of FSC forest certification on world forestry and China's furniture industry, pointing out the direction for China's furniture industry.
In addition, on July 1, 2010, the export rebate rate was lowered from 13% to 11% or 9%, and on August 23, the processing trade policy was readjusted again, and 17 kinds of furniture were listed as restricted export commodities. According to this catalogue, furniture made from domestic wood is not allowed to be exported, but furniture made from imported wood is not. With the development of the world furniture market, China's furniture industry is facing strong international competition pressure. The market share of China's high-end furniture is being grabbed.
Second, the Chinese furniture industry in the export process of their own problems, blindly plagiarism, no brand awareness, the export market is too centralized and so on. Furniture embodies the aesthetic feeling and materials, has obvious public characteristics. Once the product comes out, other manufacturers can easily copy and improve. It has become a "trend": small factories imitate large factories, large factories imitate foreign countries, similar enterprises imitate each other. The main reasons for this industry status are: low entry threshold, shortage of design and research personnel.
With the continuous opening of the international market, China's furniture industry has gradually become a part of the global furniture value chain. According to the profit distribution of different links in the value chain, China's furniture export enterprises mainly adopt OEM and other processing trade methods in the whole production network. The furniture industry is facing a higher level of competition. How to improve the competitiveness of the international market to achieve new industrial growth, this will be an urgent problem.
Chapter 4 puts forward the corresponding countermeasures to the internal and external problems faced by the export of Chinese furniture industry.
On the enterprise level, first of all, we should promote industrial upgrading and increase the added value of products. On the one hand, we can follow the path of industrial upgrading from OEM to ODM and OBM, gradually change the processing and trade mode of OEM, and develop and increase the added value of products in the direction of independent design and creation of our own brands. Second, optimize the product structure. In terms of export products, the Chinese furniture industry should constantly optimize the product structure and continue to strengthen the export of wood furniture. At the same time, we should encourage the export growth of other types of furniture, especially metal furniture and bamboo and rattan furniture, so as to alleviate the shortage of raw materials for wooden furniture.
China's furniture industry should shift from relying on a foreign target market to multiple regions and countries, and actively seek and expand new target markets globally, such as Australia, Southeast Asia and South America. The export risk can also avoid the anti-dumping caused by the over-concentration of export areas, which is more conducive to expanding the scale of production of China's furniture industry to achieve economies of scale.
Furniture companies in developed countries have discovered this huge market and have taken advantage of China's abolition of furniture import tariffs to seize the high-end domestic furniture market. At the same time, furniture manufacturers in Southeast Asian countries have begun to compete. The rapid growth of imported furniture has forced Chinese enterprises to face more fierce competition, or the entire furniture industry is facing a severe test. In the face of the 1.3 billion people's consumption market, Chinese furniture enterprises can not give up, must change their thinking, first of all, to maintain the domestic market. More advantages: better understanding of the country's culture, society, law, etc., easier to establish sales channels, easier to create well-known brands.
From the government level, first of all, standardize the industry standards, especially the forest certification system standards, promote the integration of the furniture industry; secondly, adjust the export policy; thirdly, strengthen the government's negotiation ability, strive to seek a fair foreign trade environment, strengthen the international market standards, improve product market access; finally, encourage Enterprises carry out green technological innovation.
At the level of trade association, on the one hand, we should intervene in furniture export enterprises properly. Firstly, we should monitor the price and quantity of furniture export enterprises, coordinate the price of furniture export of member enterprises and avoid a vicious price war; secondly, we should provide members with the changes of economic policies in various countries, especially in the case of member enterprises. In addition, trade associations should promptly remind enterprises to pay attention to the sharp growth of their exports or exceed certain boundaries. If necessary, administrative intervention can be appropriately carried out according to the reaction of similar enterprises in the importing country. On the other hand, information transmission should be done well. First of all, the government should timely reflect the situation of the furniture industry and the obstacles encountered in furniture export, and strive for more policy and financial support for enterprises; secondly, timely provide enterprises with the latest supply and demand information at home and abroad, and actively expand channels for enterprises. The communication and cooperation of the exhibition organization will create a better platform for our furniture export.
The author hopes that the research in this paper can provide some suggestions and help for China's furniture industry to solve the export problems, so that China can maintain the status of the world's furniture exporting power for a long time and make the furniture industry a new engine for China's economic growth.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F426.88;F752.62

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