本文選題：嬰幼兒配方乳粉產(chǎn)業(yè) + 質(zhì)量安全��； 參考：《東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：中國是世界人口第一大國,相應(yīng)的其嬰幼兒人數(shù)也非常巨大。據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局測算,目前中國0-3歲嬰幼兒人數(shù)已達(dá)到6900萬,并且每年新增1500萬左右。母乳是嬰幼兒天然且最優(yōu)的食品。但并非所有的嬰兒都能接受母乳哺育,甚至在中國嬰幼兒接受母乳哺育的比例偏低,且喂養(yǎng)期也偏短。這必然形成了龐大的嬰幼兒乳粉需求。 值此機(jī)遇,正當(dāng)是我國奶粉企業(yè)大展拳腳、蓬勃發(fā)展之際。但我國嬰幼兒配方乳粉市場的發(fā)展卻經(jīng)歷了諸多波折。從2004年的阜陽毒奶粉事件到2008年的三聚氰胺事件,每一次都刺痛著國人最敏感的神經(jīng)。雖說我國奶粉產(chǎn)業(yè)也著實(shí)取得了不可否認(rèn)的成就,但在發(fā)展過程中卻幾次偏離了正常的軌道。在數(shù)次事故中,國內(nèi)消費(fèi)者飽受傷害,他們對(duì)國產(chǎn)奶粉的信心降至低點(diǎn)。國產(chǎn)奶粉一蹶不振,而進(jìn)口奶粉則大行其道,不斷擴(kuò)大市場份額,甚至趁機(jī)漲價(jià),致使中國嬰幼兒配方乳粉消費(fèi)者面對(duì)著世界上最貴的奶粉價(jià)格。按照公布最高漲幅計(jì)算,洋奶粉最高漲幅累計(jì)已超過60%。在如此高額利潤的誘惑下,不少假洋奶粉渾水摸魚進(jìn)入中國市場。 面對(duì)這種亂況,中國政府不會(huì)坐視不管。食品藥品監(jiān)管總局、工業(yè)和信息化部等九部委聯(lián)合提交的《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)嬰幼兒配方乳粉質(zhì)量安全工作的意見》經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn),并得到轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)。該意見對(duì)我國嬰幼兒配方乳粉的生產(chǎn)、銷售、監(jiān)管及產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展作了種種規(guī)定。政策既然已經(jīng)出臺(tái),這些規(guī)定勢必對(duì)該產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生深刻的影響。伴隨著更加嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)管,生產(chǎn)及銷售企業(yè)面臨著更大的安全運(yùn)營壓力。而提高管理的信息化程度是一種必然的趨勢,可否發(fā)展為企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者雙贏的局面呢?還有對(duì)于政策所規(guī)定的生產(chǎn)方式的限制,合規(guī)的企業(yè)可繼續(xù)運(yùn)行,而不合規(guī)的企業(yè)則面臨整改甚至退出行業(yè)的境地。企業(yè)的數(shù)量有減少的可能,而鼓勵(lì)和支持企業(yè)兼并重組則會(huì)加劇這一趨勢。該項(xiàng)政策對(duì)我國嬰幼兒配方乳粉產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的影響正成為迫切需要研究的題目。 本文首先運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)研究法,對(duì)現(xiàn)有學(xué)者有關(guān)于奶粉產(chǎn)業(yè)、奶粉質(zhì)量、奶粉品牌、產(chǎn)品追溯體系及嬰幼兒配方乳粉消費(fèi)者行為等的研究進(jìn)行了回顧,為本文對(duì)新政的分析提供了一定的理論基礎(chǔ)。接下來對(duì)將要研究的嬰幼兒配方乳粉產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)行了歷史回顧與產(chǎn)業(yè)界定。還采用了實(shí)證分析法,縱向?qū)Ρ攘私陙砦覈扇橹破樊a(chǎn)量、奶粉生產(chǎn)量及進(jìn)口量的變化,來說明我國嬰幼兒配方乳粉產(chǎn)業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀。 接下來研究了“奶粉新政”的影響,主要有以下幾個(gè)方面： 第一,嬰幼兒配方乳粉按照藥品管理辦法進(jìn)行管理可以提升全產(chǎn)業(yè)原有企業(yè)以及新進(jìn)入企業(yè)的安全生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 第二,電子信息化管理系統(tǒng)有助于國內(nèi)消費(fèi)者及監(jiān)管者獲取嬰幼兒配方乳粉生產(chǎn)鏈條中的相關(guān)信息,以減少信息不對(duì)稱,有助于恢復(fù)國內(nèi)消費(fèi)者對(duì)于國產(chǎn)奶粉的信心。 第三,限制嬰幼兒配方乳粉生產(chǎn)方式有助于清除現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)業(yè)中的投機(jī)漁利之徒,但會(huì)增加新企業(yè)進(jìn)入該產(chǎn)業(yè)的壁壘。 第四,鼓勵(lì)和支持嬰幼兒配方乳粉生產(chǎn)企業(yè)兼并和重組會(huì)減少企業(yè)數(shù)目,提高市場集中度,這有助于產(chǎn)生“效率收益”,也有利于技術(shù)進(jìn)步,但市場集中度的提高會(huì)使得企業(yè)市場支配能力增加。 第五,監(jiān)督監(jiān)管的加強(qiáng)有助于規(guī)范企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)行為,生產(chǎn)企業(yè)、進(jìn)口商及產(chǎn)品名錄的公布也有助于消費(fèi)者辨別產(chǎn)品真?zhèn)?同時(shí)也有利于社會(huì)監(jiān)督機(jī)制的形成。 新政如果能夠得到深入貫徹和落實(shí),將會(huì)大力提升全產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全水平,有助于恢復(fù)消費(fèi)者對(duì)于國產(chǎn)品牌的信心。但政策的制定和實(shí)施也是需要花費(fèi)成本的,而且還可能存在效率比較低的情況。另外本文還提出了幾點(diǎn)措施來保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的安全和促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)朝著更加有序、規(guī)范、健康的方向發(fā)展：一是加強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)與監(jiān)管人員職業(yè)道德教育；二是加強(qiáng)科研投入與技術(shù)開發(fā)；三是樹立自有品牌,提升競爭力。 本文的研究主要采用信息不對(duì)稱理論、價(jià)格搜尋過程模型及行業(yè)壁壘等理論對(duì)“奶粉新政”的影響進(jìn)行研究,就該行業(yè)而言,這類研究還是比較缺乏的。因此,這也算是本文的創(chuàng)新之處。但由于該產(chǎn)業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)收集的困難,本文并沒有建立計(jì)量模型進(jìn)行量化的分析,使得研究并沒有很深入,這也是本文的遺憾之處。由于論文寫作時(shí)間與政策推出時(shí)間相隔較短,文中的影響研究都是建立在筆者分析的基礎(chǔ)之上,現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是否如此還需要再以后的時(shí)間進(jìn)行觀察。在將來筆者會(huì)對(duì)政策的影響進(jìn)行持續(xù)跟蹤與研究,以驗(yàn)證分析。另外就本文提出的政策建議是否能在該產(chǎn)業(yè)將來的發(fā)展中發(fā)揮作用還需要時(shí)間來驗(yàn)證。
[Abstract]:China is the world's largest population, and the number of corresponding infants is also very large. According to the National Bureau of statistics, the number of 0-3 year old infants in China has reached 69 million, and about 15 million of the new children are added each year. The proportion of infants receiving breastfeeding is low, and the feeding period is also short. This inevitably leads to a huge demand for infant milk powder.
On the occasion of this opportunity, the milk powder enterprise in China has developed vigorously, but the development of infant formula milk powder Market in China has experienced many twists and turns. From the Fuyang poison milk powder incident in 2004 to the melamine event in 2008, every time it hurts the most sensitive nerve of the Chinese people. Although the milk powder industry in our country has also made a bad effect. In the course of several accidents, domestic consumers were badly hurt, and their confidence in domestic milk powder fell to a low point. Consumers are facing the world's most expensive milk powder prices. According to the highest increase in the calculation, the highest increase in foreign milk powder has exceeded the temptation of 60%. in such a high profit, many fake ocean milk powder into the Chinese market.
In the face of this disorder, the Chinese government will not look at the opinions of the nine ministries and commissions, such as the food and drug administration, the Ministry of industry and information technology and other ministries and commissions, on the further strengthening of the quality and safety of infant formula milk powder, approved by the State Council and forwarded. Since the policy has been introduced, these Regulations are bound to have a profound impact on the development of the industry. With more stringent supervision, the production and sales enterprises are facing greater pressure of safety operation. And the improvement of management information is an inevitable trend, and can it be developed for both enterprises and consumers. What is the situation of winning? And the restrictions on the mode of production stipulated in the policy, the compliance enterprises can continue to operate, and the unregulated enterprises face the situation of rectify or even exit the industry. The number of enterprises may be reduced, while encouraging and supporting the merger and reorganization will aggravate the trend. The impact of the development of powder industry is becoming an urgent topic.
In this paper, the literature research method is used to review the research on milk powder industry, milk powder quality, milk powder brand, product traceability system and infant formula milk powder consumer behavior, which provides a theoretical basis for the analysis of the new policy. The historical review and industrial definition are carried out. The empirical analysis method is used to compare the production of dry milk products, the quantity of milk powder and the change of imports in recent years, to explain the present situation of infant formula milk powder industry in China.
Next, we studied the impact of the new formula on milk powder, mainly in the following aspects:
First, the management of infant formula milk powder according to the drug management method can improve the safety production standards of the whole industry and the newly entered enterprises.
Second, the electronic information management system will help domestic consumers and regulators to obtain relevant information in the chain of infant formula milk powder production, in order to reduce information asymmetry and help restore domestic consumers' confidence in domestic milk powder.
Third, limiting the production of infant formula milk powder will help eliminate speculative profits in existing industries, but will increase barriers to entry of new enterprises into the industry.
Fourth, encouraging and supporting the merger and reorganization of infant formula milk powder production enterprises will reduce the number of enterprises and increase the concentration of market, which will help to produce "efficiency income" and also benefit the technological progress, but the increase of market concentration will increase the dominance of the enterprise market.
Fifth, the strengthening of supervision and supervision helps to standardize the production behavior of enterprises. The publication of production enterprises, importers and product list also helps consumers to distinguish the authenticity of products, and is also conducive to the formation of social supervision mechanism.
If the new deal can be thoroughly implemented and implemented, the quality and safety level of the whole industry will be promoted greatly and the confidence of the consumer for domestic brands will be restored. However, the formulation and implementation of the policy will also cost the cost, and there may be a low efficiency. In addition, some measures are put forward to guarantee the production. The safety of quality and the promotion of the industry in the direction of more orderly, standardized and healthy development: first, to strengthen the professional moral education of the production and supervision personnel; two to strengthen the scientific research input and technology development; the three is to build up its own brand and enhance its competitiveness.
This study mainly uses the theory of information asymmetry, the model of the price search process and the industry barrier and other theories on the influence of the "milk powder new deal". In this industry, this kind of research is still relatively lack. Therefore, this is also the innovation of this article. But because of the difficulties in the data collection of the industry, this paper does not build up a plan. The quantitative analysis of the quantity model makes the research not very deep, which is also the regret of this paper. Because the time of paper writing is short apart from the time of policy introduction, the influence research in this paper is based on the author's analysis, and whether the reality is so still needs to be observed in the future. The impact of policy is continuously tracked and studied to verify analysis. In addition, it will take time to verify whether the policy recommendations proposed in this paper can play a role in the future development of the industry.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：F426.82;F203

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