本文選題：稀土 + 定價(jià)權(quán)��； 參考：《東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：稀土是重要的戰(zhàn)略資源,有著“工業(yè)維生素”的美稱。因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)的特殊性,稀土元素具有良好的光、電、磁、熱等特性,在熒光、磁性、催化、光纖通信、貯氫能源、超導(dǎo)等材料領(lǐng)域有著不可替代的作用,直接影響著電子、通訊、汽車、能源、航空航天、核能等眾多領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。鄧小平曾說過：“中東有石油,中國有稀土�！蔽覈⊥羶α考s占世界總儲量的50%,產(chǎn)量和出口量均高居世界第一位,在國際稀土貿(mào)易中扮演著十分重要的角色。但由于各方面的原因,我國卻沒能從稀土出口中獲得應(yīng)有的利益,資源優(yōu)勢并沒有轉(zhuǎn)化成產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢和經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢,出口反而受制于人。我國是稀土大國,卻不是稀土強(qiáng)國。 本文試圖通過對我國稀土出口現(xiàn)狀的研究,指出存在的問題,挖掘我國稀土出口處于尷尬境地的原因,并且針對相關(guān)問題提出解決對策,希望能為政府和企業(yè)提供一些有用的建議。 全文共分為六章： 第一章為緒論,介紹了本文的研究背景和意義,梳理國內(nèi)外的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)并作評述,交代本文的研究思路和結(jié)構(gòu)框架,并指出本文的創(chuàng)新與不足。 第二章介紹了本文研究的相關(guān)理論基礎(chǔ),包括要素稟賦理論、博弈論、定價(jià)權(quán)相關(guān)理論、外部影響理論,并解釋了這些理論對本文研究的適用性。 第三章全面分析了我國稀土出口現(xiàn)狀并提出存在的問題。首先從供給和需求角度對國際市場進(jìn)行了分析,指出中國并非唯一的稀土資源擁有國,但長期以來幾乎以一己之力滿足著國際市場的消費(fèi),且我國稀土產(chǎn)能過剩,.年生產(chǎn)能力大于國際市場需求。然后對比相關(guān)發(fā)達(dá)國家稀土政策,發(fā)現(xiàn)這些國家基本上都封存了本國的稀土礦,十分重視保護(hù)本國資源,轉(zhuǎn)而從中國進(jìn)口來滿足消費(fèi)甚至大量進(jìn)行儲備。隨后詳細(xì)地分析了我國稀土出口貿(mào)易的現(xiàn)狀：出口價(jià)格低,出口量巨大,出口目的地主要集中在少數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家。最后針對我國稀土出口現(xiàn)狀提出相應(yīng)的問題：資源賤賣,流失嚴(yán)重；稀土開采和生產(chǎn)帶來嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題；配額制不完善帶來諸多問題,包括走私,配額倒賣,國際貿(mào)易紛爭等,這些都對我國目前的稀土政策構(gòu)成了極大的挑戰(zhàn)。可以說,當(dāng)前我國稀土出口處于內(nèi)憂外患的局面。 第四章對我國稀土出口存在的問題進(jìn)行了深入的分析。指出我國稀土定價(jià)權(quán)缺失的原因：資源過度開發(fā),過度貿(mào)易；行業(yè)集中度極低,國內(nèi)企業(yè)惡性競爭；買方寡頭壟斷,擁有定價(jià)權(quán)；環(huán)境成本的忽略；中國處于稀土產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的較低端。然后,對我國稀土出口配額制進(jìn)行分析,指出我國實(shí)行配額制的目的在于保護(hù)資源和環(huán)境,促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級,有相應(yīng)的法律依據(jù),不違反wTO規(guī)則。最后對我國稀土的國際訴訟環(huán)境進(jìn)行分析,認(rèn)為當(dāng)前的稀土國際訴訟與09年美歐墨訴中國原材料案有極大的相似性,所以原材料案的敗訴使我國稀土國際訴訟蒙上了一層陰影。 第五章是改善我國稀土貿(mào)易的對策建議。我國要掌握稀土貿(mào)易的主動權(quán),必須奪回稀土出口定價(jià)權(quán),應(yīng)建立稀土儲備,加強(qiáng)行業(yè)整合,調(diào)整稀土稅費(fèi),完善產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。在應(yīng)對稀土國際訴訟時(shí),我們應(yīng)做好充分的準(zhǔn)備,援引GATT1994第20條“一般例外”條款需滿足相關(guān)條件,此外,還可以嘗試引用GATT1994第21條“安全例外”條款進(jìn)行例外抗辯。同時(shí),還應(yīng)完善稀土出口配額制度,提升行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管,重視環(huán)境保護(hù),以保障我國稀土出口可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 第六章為結(jié)語,對全文進(jìn)行總結(jié)。
[Abstract]:Rare earth is an important strategic resource with a "industrial vitamin" name. Because of its structural particularity, rare earth elements have good light, electrical, magnetic, thermal and other properties, in the fields of fluorescence, magnetism, catalysis, optical fiber communications, hydrogen storage energy, superconductivity and other materials, which directly affect electronic, communications, automotive, energy, aerospace and aerospace. Deng Xiaoping once said: "there is oil in the Middle East and China has rare earth." China's rare earth reserves account for about 50% of the world's total reserves. Both the output and export volume are the first in the world and play a very important role in international rare earth trade. However, due to various reasons, China has not been able to get from the export of rare earth. The advantages and advantages of resources have not been transformed into industrial advantages and economic advantages, but exports have been controlled by people. China is a rare earth power, but not a rare earth power.
Through the research on the present situation of China's rare earth export, this paper points out the existing problems, excavate the reasons for the embarrassing situation of China's rare earth export, and put forward some solutions to the related problems, hoping to provide some useful suggestions for the government and enterprises.
The full text is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, introducing the background and significance of the study, combing the relevant literature at home and abroad and making comments, presenting the research ideas and structural framework of this article, and pointing out the innovation and deficiency of this article.
The second chapter introduces the theoretical basis of this study, including the theory of factor endowment, game theory, the theory of pricing power and the theory of external influence, and explains the applicability of these theories to this study.
The third chapter analyzes the present situation of China's rare earth export and puts forward the existing problems. First, it analyses the international market from the perspective of supply and demand, and points out that China is not the only country of rare earth resources, but it has long been able to meet the consumption of the international market with the force of one's own, and the capacity of China's rare earth is overcapacity. In contrast to the international market demand, then comparing the rare earth policies of the developed countries, it is found that these countries have basically sealed their own rare earth minerals, paying great attention to protecting their own resources and transferring them from China to meet consumption and even a large amount of reserves. The quantity is huge, the destination owner of the export is concentrated in a few developed countries. Finally, the corresponding problems are put forward in view of the present situation of China's rare earth export: the resources are sold and the loss is serious; the rare earth mining and production bring serious environmental problems; the imperfect quota system brings many problems, including smuggling, quotas reselling, international trade disputes and so on. China's current rare earth policy poses a great challenge. It can be said that the current export of rare earth in China is in an internal and external situation.
The fourth chapter makes an in-depth analysis of the problems existing in China's rare earth export. It points out the reasons for the lack of rare-earth pricing power in China: overexploitation of resources, excessive trade, extremely low concentration of industry, vicious competition in domestic enterprises, the oligopoly of the buyer, the pricing power, the neglect of the environmental cost, and the lower end of the rare earth industry chain in China. Then, the paper analyzes the quota system of China's rare earth export, and points out that the purpose of the quota system in China is to protect the resources and the environment, promote the industrial upgrading, have the corresponding legal basis and do not violate the wTO rules. Finally, the international litigation environment of the rare earth in China is analyzed, and it is considered that the former rare earth international litigation and the 09 year American and European ink appeal to the Chinese original material. The material case is very similar, so the failure of the raw material case has cast a shadow over China's rare earth international litigation.
The fifth chapter is the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the rare earth trade in China. In order to grasp the initiative of the rare earth trade, we must take back the pricing power of rare earth export, establish the reserve of rare earth, strengthen the industry integration, adjust the tax and fee of rare earth and improve the industrial chain. In response to the international litigation of rare earth, we should make full preparation and invoke the twentieth "general examples" of GATT1994. Besides, we can also try to quote the twenty-first "safety exceptions" clause of GATT1994 to make an exception. At the same time, we should improve the rare-earth export quota system, improve the industry standards, strengthen supervision, and attach importance to environmental protection in order to ensure the sustainable development of China's rare earth export.
The sixth chapter is the conclusion, and summarizes the full text.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F752.62;F426.1

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