本文關鍵詞： 基礎有機化學品 復雜網絡 化學反應 國際貿易 污染轉移　出處：《清華大學》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：化學工業(yè)產品眾多，國際貿易復雜，環(huán)境影響類型又非常多元化，這些因素共同決定了對化學品貿易中環(huán)境影響轉移的考量并非易事。本文引入了復雜網絡方法，對基礎有機化學品的反應網絡、國際貿易網絡及其環(huán)境影響轉移開展了研究。首先，構建了基礎有機化學品反應網絡，解析了基礎有機化學品之間的化學關聯(lián)關系；接著，基于Comtrade數(shù)據(jù)構建了國際貿易網絡并解析了國際貿易特征；最后，引用Gabi5及eBalance生命周期評價數(shù)據(jù)庫相關環(huán)境影響數(shù)據(jù)對化學品貿易的環(huán)境影響轉移進行了分析。 研究結果顯示，基礎有機化學品反應網絡具有明顯的小世界特征，反映出從一種原料生成一種產品短的反應路徑長度；入度累積度分布為指數(shù)分布，出度累積度分布近似服從高節(jié)點度處受到限制的冪律分布，反映出網絡中生成一種產品所需要的原料數(shù)量的均勻性和由一種原料出發(fā)所能得到的產品數(shù)量的非均勻性；網絡具有明顯的層級結構和核心產品，以乙烯、丙烯的核心度最高。 基礎有機化學品世界貿易體系存在著“核心-半邊緣-邊緣”結構特征；乙烯、丙烯無權貿易網絡為近似服從冪律分布的無標度網絡，也即貿易網絡中各個國家所擁有的貿易關系數(shù)呈現(xiàn)出非均質性，其權重網絡呈現(xiàn)出兩段截斷冪律分布，，以截斷點為界劃分出了主要貿易國家；同時，網絡為異配網絡，貿易量多的國家與貿易量少的國家之間的貿易關系數(shù)要多于貿易量多的國家之間的關系數(shù)。 對乙烯下游產品PVC國際貿易分析顯示，貿易中地區(qū)間存在著貿易結構差異，為數(shù)不多的國家承擔了較大量的PVC產品出口，另外有為數(shù)不多的國家扮演著主要消費國的角色；伴隨著PVC貿易的環(huán)境影響轉移分析結果顯示，貿易帶來了污染的跨國轉移。發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達國家生產同種產品存在著單位產品污染物排放量上的差異，發(fā)展中國家的出口行為增加了本國的環(huán)境負擔，發(fā)達國家的出口行為減輕了發(fā)展中國家的環(huán)境負擔，并降低了全球污染物排放總量。
[Abstract]:The chemical industry has a large number of products, complex international trade, and very diverse types of environmental impact. These factors together determine that it is not easy to consider the environmental impact transfer in chemical trade. In this paper, a complex network method is introduced. The reaction network of basic organic chemicals, international trade network and its environmental impact transfer are studied. Firstly, the reaction network of basic organic chemicals is constructed, and the chemical correlation between basic organic chemicals is analyzed. Based on the Comtrade data, the international trade network is constructed and the characteristics of international trade are analyzed. Finally, the environmental impact transfer of chemical trade is analyzed by using the environmental impact data of Gabi5 and eBalance life cycle assessment database. The results show that the basic organic chemical reaction network has the characteristic of small world, which reflects the short reaction path length of a product from a raw material, and the cumulative degree distribution is exponential distribution. The distribution of output cumulation is similar to the power law distribution which is limited from the high nodal degree, which reflects the uniformity of the quantity of raw materials needed to produce a product in the network and the non-uniformity of the quantity of the product that can be obtained from one kind of raw material. The network has obvious hierarchical structure and core products, with the highest core degree of ethylene and propylene. The basic organic chemicals world trade system has the "core-half edge-edge" structure characteristic. In other words, the number of trade relations owned by each country in the trade network shows heterogeneity, and the weight network presents two truncated power law distributions, and the main trading countries are divided by the truncation point. At the same time, the network is a heterodyne network. The number of trade relations between countries with high volume of trade and countries with low volume of trade is more than that between countries with high volume of trade. The international trade analysis of ethylene downstream product PVC shows that there are trade structure differences among regions in the trade, a few countries undertake a large number of exports of PVC products, and a few countries play the role of major consumer countries. The results of environmental impact transfer analysis of PVC trade show that trade brings transnational transfer of pollution. There are differences in pollutant emissions per unit between developing countries and developed countries in producing the same products. The export behavior of developing countries increases their own environmental burden, while that of developed countries lightens the environmental burden of developing countries and reduces the total amount of global pollutant emissions.
【學位授予單位】：清華大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F746;F416.72;X22

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