發(fā)布時間：2018-04-30 09:39

  本文選題：散粒體斜坡 + 形成演化過程�。� 參考：《成都理工大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：散粒體斜坡主要以同量級、近均勻的巖石顆粒形成的集合體所堆積的坡體,其物質組成具有結構松散、高壓縮、強透水、低粘結力等獨特的物理力學特征。其自穩(wěn)性差、復發(fā)性強、突發(fā)性高的成災特點,對高寒山區(qū)公路、鐵路等基礎設施的建設、安全運營有著非常重要的影響,甚至在局部地段起到至關重要的制約作用。散粒體斜坡主要分布于高寒峽谷地帶及易發(fā)高烈度地震活動區(qū),其分布范圍廣闊、復發(fā)頻率高、連鎖反應多樣,特別是易于轉化成一系列災害鏈的效應,從而可長期危害人類的工程活動,同時,它還為我國建立綠色通道理念帶來了不少的生態(tài)環(huán)保問題�？梢�,隨著基礎設施建設的大規(guī)模推進,研究作為高寒山區(qū)地質災害之一的散粒體斜坡演化及災變問題,不僅為山區(qū)公路等工程設施的防災治理提出實踐指導,也豐富了地質災害理論研究。本文選取了天山公路、中巴公路作為高寒山區(qū)散粒體斜坡研究案例,以現(xiàn)場調查勘察及地質環(huán)境資料收集、文獻檢索等工作為基礎,查明了天山公路、中巴公路散粒體斜坡分布規(guī)律及結構特征,基于高寒山區(qū)凍融循環(huán)、冰劈作用等特殊外動力效應,采用室內試驗,研究了循環(huán)凍融及冰劈作用對散粒體形成的微觀改造、宏觀裂化機制,利用現(xiàn)場定點重復三維激光掃描,實測并計算了裸露基巖產(chǎn)屑率;綜合分析了散粒體失穩(wěn)的誘發(fā)因素,采取物理模擬及數(shù)值模擬,驗證了散粒體斜坡在降雨融雪、滾石沖擊作用下的啟動失穩(wěn)模式、災變機理及其堆積特征,分析了其散粒體鏈式反應的災害鏈效應,總結了泥石流典型特征參數(shù)計算公式。綜上所述,本文針對以天山公路、中巴公路所代表的高寒山區(qū)散粒體斜坡的研究,較為系統(tǒng)地討論了散粒體斜坡的演化過程、災變效應,對該類特殊形式的斜坡工程治理提供了基本的災變模式及典型設計參數(shù)。取得主要研究成果如下:(1)從天山公路、中巴公路散粒體斜坡的分布地質背景出發(fā),對公路沿線散粒體斜坡進行詳盡的調查,獲取了空間展布規(guī)律和線密度特征;并根據(jù)散粒體斜坡特征結合資料查閱對其進行重新分類,增加了無粘粒散粒體和含粘粒散粒體兩類斜坡,揭示了無粘粒散粒體斜坡的如下典型特征:顆粒粒度差別較大,重力分選性明顯,顆粒組成以碎石、角礫為主,次為粗砂、中砂,幾乎不含粘粒,松散無粘聚力等性質;含粘粒散粒體斜坡崩積層存在“二元結構”,坡面堆積層結構由表礫層與底粒層兩層組成,上層表礫層由巖礫組成無粘聚力,底層有一定粘聚力。無粘粒散粒體斜坡形成過程可歸納為高位剝離、堆積運移、溜動;而含粘粒散粒體斜坡形成可歸納為高位剝離、堆積運移、巖塊凍融分解、淋溶固結、蠕滑等一系列過程。(2)通過對凍融循環(huán)條件下巖石微裂隙擴展進行詳細而深入的研究,得到了三種工況(天然、常溫飽水、高溫飽水)三類巖石(花崗巖、千枚巖、砂巖)其早期強度迅速提高、后期強度逐漸降低的規(guī)律,凍融前期巖石內部少量礦物組分遷移礦物進入并封閉了部分微裂隙空間來提高巖石的強度,凍融后期巖石閉合的微裂隙在多次循環(huán)后微裂隙局部貫通,降低后期強度。(3)基于高寒山區(qū)巖體結構面劣化特征,采取巖塊自制裂縫的冰劈試驗,揭示巖體形變可歸納為凍縮、凍脹及融縮三階段過程。發(fā)現(xiàn)了凍融過程中巖塊裂縫頂部及底部的微應變隨凍融循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加而增加,巖樣頂部的微應變在相同凍融循環(huán)次數(shù)下為底部的微應變的10倍左右的規(guī)律,建立了相同裂縫深度頂部裂縫微應變與凍融循環(huán)次數(shù)y=5.2288x2-160.9x+2484.1的定量關系。(4)基于散粒體斜坡形成速率的分析,對天山公路及中巴公路花崗巖、砂板巖、千枚巖及河谷堆積物等4種巖土體斜坡采取現(xiàn)場定點重復三維激光掃描,并對產(chǎn)屑率進行定量計算得到:河谷堆積物散粒體斜坡年產(chǎn)屑率0.0601(m3/3　)、千枚巖年產(chǎn)屑率0.0448(m3/3　)、砂板巖年產(chǎn)屑率0.0361(m3/3　)、花崗巖年產(chǎn)屑率0.0146(m3/3　),并揭示其夏秋兩季產(chǎn)屑率低于冬春兩季產(chǎn)屑率的規(guī)律。(5)基于降雨融雪作用下散粒體啟動機理分析,結合現(xiàn)場調查和物理模擬試驗,提出了波動S型、S脈沖型及脈沖型等3種啟動模式,建立了沖刷深度y與雨強x所呈現(xiàn)的y=-6×10-5x2+0.0072x定量關系及流砂率與雨強間y=-3×10-7x3+3×10-5x2-0.0004x的冪次關系,總結了無粘粒散粒體斜坡以淺表層漸進前進式破壞模式,含粘粒散粒體斜坡以淺表層漸進前進式、中-深層潰決式破壞模式。(6)針對滾石沖擊引起散粒體斜坡失穩(wěn)機理問題,采取物理、數(shù)值模擬等手段,模擬了滾石能量與沖擊頻率對斜坡穩(wěn)定性的影響,建立了散粒失穩(wěn)質量與滾石質量2次冪函數(shù)定量關系;得到了沖擊頻率由5s增加到3s失穩(wěn)質量增加約16.4%;頻率從3s增加到1s失穩(wěn)質量急劇增加至74.5%的現(xiàn)象,提出了高頻率連續(xù)性沖擊效應。(7)針對高寒山區(qū)散粒體斜坡轉化為泥石流的特殊性進行分析,提出了孕育、災變、發(fā)育、循環(huán)等四階段災害演化過程,揭示了含沙水流→稀性泥石流→粘性陣性流→粘性連續(xù)流→粘性陣性流→稀性泥石流→含沙水流等階段運動過程,分析了陣流有“頭”大、“身”平且短、“尾”細且長等特征,并建立了適宜于天山、中巴公路地區(qū)泥石流典型參數(shù)計算公式。
[Abstract]:The ramp of the granular body mainly consists of the slope body accumulated at the same magnitude and nearly uniform rock particles. Its material composition has the unique physical and mechanical characteristics, such as loose structure, high compression, strong water permeability, low cohesive force and so on. It has the characteristics of poor stability, strong recurrence and sudden high disaster formation, and the construction of highways and railway infrastructure in the alpine mountain area. Set, safe operation has a very important influence and even plays a crucial role in the local area. The scattered granular slope is mainly distributed in the alpine Canyon zone and the prone high intensity seismic area. It has a wide range of distribution, high frequency of recurrence, and a variety of chain reactions, especially the effect that can be easily converted into a series of disaster chains. At the same time, it also brings a lot of ecological environmental protection problems to the idea of establishing green channel in China. It can be seen that, with the large-scale promotion of infrastructure construction, the research on the evolution and catastrophe of the granular slope, as one of the geological disasters in the high cold mountain area, is not only for the disaster prevention and treatment of the mountain highway and other engineering facilities. In this paper, the Tianshan highway and the SINO pakistan highway are selected as a case of the study of the scattered granular slope in the high and cold mountainous areas. Based on the field investigation and investigation, the collection of geological environment and the literature retrieval, the distribution law and structure of the Tianshan highway, the central and Pakistan highway scattered grain slope and its structure are found out. Based on the special external dynamic effects of freezing thawing cycle and ice splitting in high and cold mountain areas, the microscopic transformation of circulating freezing thawing and ice splitting on the formation of bulk particles was studied, and the macro cracking mechanism was studied. The rate of debris production was measured and calculated by site fixed-point repeated three-dimensional laser scanning, and the lure of the dispersion of bulk particles was synthetically analyzed. The physical simulation and numerical simulation are adopted to verify the startup instability mode, the catastrophic mechanism and the accumulation characteristics of the granular slope under the rainfall melting and the rolling stone impact. The disaster chain effect of the granular chain reaction is analyzed, and the calculation formula of the typical characteristic parameter of the debris flow is summarized. In summary, this paper is aimed at the Tianshan highway. The study on the granular slope of the high and cold mountainous areas represented by the China Pakistan highway has systematically discussed the evolution process of the granular slope and the catastrophic effect. It provides the basic catastrophic mode and typical design parameters for this special type of slope engineering management. The main results are as follows: (1) from Tianshan highway, the central Pakistan highway dispersion grain oblique. On the basis of the distribution geological background of the slope, a detailed investigation of the debris slope along the highway has been carried out to obtain the spatial distribution law and the line density characteristics, and reclassified according to the characteristics of the scattered granular slope, and the two types of slope of the anclay particles and clay particles are added, and the incline granular granular slope is revealed. The typical characteristics are as follows: the particle size difference is larger, the gravity separation is obvious, the particles are mainly composed of gravel and breccia, the second is coarse sand, medium sand, almost no clay, loose cohesive force and so on. There are "two yuan structure" in the clay granular slope avalanche, and the structure of the slope is composed of two layers of the gravel layer and the bottom grain layer, and the upper gravel layer is in the upper layer. There is no cohesive force composed of rock and gravel, and there is a certain cohesive force at the bottom. The formation process of the non clay granular granular slope can be induced by high peeling, accumulation and movement and slipping, and the formation of clay granular slope can be induced by a series of processes, such as high peeling, accumulation and migration, rock freezing thawing decomposition, leaching and consolidation, creep and so on. (2) through the freezing and thawing cycle conditions rock The microfracture expansion of stone is studied in detail and deeply. The early strength of three types of rock (granites, phyllite, sandstone) of three kinds of working conditions (granites, phyllite, sandstone) has been rapidly increased and the later strength gradually decreased, and a few mineral components migrated into and closed some micro fissure space in the early freeze-thaw rock. In order to improve the strength of rock, the micro fissure of closed rock in the late freezing and thawing period is partially through after several cycles, and the later strength is reduced. (3) based on the deterioration characteristics of the rock structure surface in the alpine mountain area, the ice splitting test of the self made fissure in the rock mass is adopted, which reveals that the rock body shape can be summed up as freezing shrinkage, frost heave and thawing and thawing process. The freezing thawing process is found. The micro strain at the top and bottom of the rock mass increases with the increase of the number of freezing and thawing cycles. The micro strain at the top of the rock sample is about 10 times of the micro strain at the bottom of the same freeze-thaw cycle. The quantitative relationship between the crack micro strain and the number of freezing and thawing cycles at the top of the same crack depth is established. (4) based on the quantitative relationship between the cracks at the top of the same crack depth and the number of freezing and thawing cycles y. In the analysis of the formation rate of the debris, the site fixed point repeated three-dimensional laser scanning is taken on 4 slopes of the Tianshan highway and the granite, the sands, the phyllite and the river valley deposits, and the ratio of the debris yield is 0.0601 (m3/3?) and the annual yield rate of the phyllite. 0.0448 (m3/3?), the annual crumb rate of sand slate is 0.0361 (m3/3?), the annual yield rate of granite is 0.0146 (m3/3?), and the yield rate of the two quarter of summer and autumn is lower than that of the winter and spring two seasons. (5) based on the analysis of the starting mechanism of the granular bulk under the rain and snow melting, combined with the present field investigation and physical simulation test, the wave S, the S pulse type and the pulse are put forward. The quantitative relationship between the scouring depth y and the y=-6 x 10-5x2+0.0072x presented by the scouring depth y and the rain intensity x and the power relation between the flow sand rate and the rain strong y=-3 x 10-7x3+3 x 10-5x2-0.0004x are established. The progressive progressive failure mode of the non clay granular slope with shallow surface is summed up, and the clay granular granular slope is progressively advancing on the shallow surface. 6. (6) in view of the mechanism of the slope instability caused by the rolling stone impact, the effects of the rolling stone energy and the impact frequency on the slope stability are simulated by means of physics and numerical simulation, and the quantitative relationship between the mass and the 2 power function of the rolling stone is established, and the impact frequency is increased from 5S to 3S The instability mass increased by about 16.4%, the frequency increased from 3S to the 1s instability mass to 74.5%, and the high frequency continuous impact effect was put forward. (7) to analyze the particularity of the debris flow into the debris flow in the alpine mountain area, and put forward the four stages of the evolution process, such as inoculation, catastrophe, development and circulation, and revealed the sediment laden flow. The movement process of the lean debris flow, viscous flow, viscous continuous flow, sticky formation flow, thinner debris flow and sediment laden flow, analyzed the characteristics of "head" big, "body" flat and short, "tail" and long and so on, and established a formula for calculating typical parameters of debris flow in Tianshan Mountain and the central Pakistan highway area.

【學位授予單位】：成都理工大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：P642.2

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