發(fā)布時(shí)間：2016-05-11 13:41

1.0 Background背景

貧困的可持續(xù)的生活保障通過土地，這是一個(gè)主要的資源，帶來了一種歸屬感，社會(huì)身份和權(quán)力。一種提供自給自足的資源和一種對沖貧窮的資源。土地對農(nóng)村貧困，技術(shù)將在第一世界國家是寶貴的。這是土著人的財(cái)富，應(yīng)該是任何政府的良好意愿分配它的人。另一方面明顯的情況表明，農(nóng)村貧困者已經(jīng)流離失所，為了獲得土地的法律的同意。土地兼并造成的人被排除在他們的大眾狩獵、放牧、禮儀聚會(huì)，收集柴火，釣魚一般水權(quán)（潮汽，2004）。人們的位移也被稱為“土地攫取”的結(jié)果，并通過前殖民時(shí)期的時(shí)代向近代。
根據(jù)博拉斯和佛朗哥（2012）“搶地”指的是最近的跨國商業(yè)土地交易生產(chǎn)和出口食品，通常與動(dòng)物飼料、生物燃料、木材和礦物。掠奪土地，否則稱為租賃是由于食品價(jià)格危機(jī)的國家短了2007-08年的土地和水資源1被全球市場推尋求替代食物的地方可以生產(chǎn)（如中國）。這導(dǎo)致了發(fā)展中國家的目標(biāo)是土地，水和廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力是在豐富的供應(yīng)。然而，這是當(dāng)?shù)氐母F人在這個(gè)初級資源風(fēng)險(xiǎn)失去他們的訪問和控制問題（布勞恩和meinzen Dick，2009）。
在一般情況下，第三世界國家都是向外國投資者租賃土地。在大多數(shù)情況下，政府有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓土地的假設(shè)下是可用土地的習(xí)慣，，把公民的土地在全球市場上沒有他們的同意。因此，政府是土地掠奪者作為投資者在接收端在他們的要求。這個(gè)概念導(dǎo)致了大多數(shù)人在自己的土地上，農(nóng)村居民。土地被抵押更容易不過的大片土地作為公共土地仍由政府重新分配。重點(diǎn)投資的土地上已豐富收入貧窮的撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲地區(qū)土地習(xí)慣值是相當(dāng)便宜的，習(xí)慣保有法律不清、勞動(dòng)力成本低廉（老謀深算，2010）
Sustainable livelihoods among the poor are ensured through land which is a prime resource that brings about a sense of belonging, social identity and power. A resource which provides self sufficiency and a hedge against poverty. Land is as valuable to the rural poor as technology would be in first world countries. It is the wealth of the indigenous people and should be any governments good intention to equitably distribute it among its people. On the other hand evident cases have shown that the rural poor have been displaced in order for the elite to acquire the land with the consent of the law. Land acquisitions have resulted in  people being excluded from their commonage for hunting, animal grazing, ceremonial gatherings, firewood gathering, fishing as general rights to water (ZLA, 2004). The displacement of people is also as a result of what is known as land grabbing and has sailed through pre-colonial times to recent times.
According to Borras and Franco (2012) 'land grab' refers to the recent transnational commercial land transactions commonly related to the production and export of food, animal feed, bio fuels, timber and minerals. The land grab, otherwise known as leasing is as a result of the food price crisis of 2007-08 where countries that are short on land and water resources 1have been pushed by global markets to seek alternative areas where food can be produced (eg China). This has led to developing countries being targeted where land, water and cheap labour are in abundant supply. However, there is concern for the local poor people who risk losing their access and control over this primary resource (Braun and Meinzen-Dick, 2009).
In general, third world countries are leasing land to foreign investors. In most cases, governments have the right to alienate land under the presumption that customary land is available, placing their citizens land on the global market without their consent. Hence the government are the land grabbers as investors are on the receiving end upon making their requests. This concept has resulted in majority rural landholders squatters on their own land. Land plots are being secured more easily but large tracts of land which are being used as communal land are still left for reallocation by governments. Focus of investment has been on land rich and income poor Sub Sahara Africa where values of customary land are reasonably cheap, customary tenure laws are unclear and cost of   labour is cheap (Wily, 2010) 

1.1 Research Problem 研究問題

Investment is celebrated in Zambia but rarely scrutinised in terms of costs and benefits especially where the poor local people are concerned. Focus has been on making stable economic reforms and policies to comply with the global market. In 1995 the Zambian Government, implemented a market based land reform  with the aim of stimulating investment and agricultural productivity to alleviate poverty in the country.
Table of Contents
1.0 Background 3
1.1 Research Problem 4
2. Literature Review 5
2.1 Land Tenure 5
2.2 Land Administration 5
2.2.1 Customary land 6
2.2.2 State Land 7
2.2.3 The 1995 land Act 7
2.3  Investment - Land Acquisitions 9
2.3.1. Who are the investors? 10
2.3.2 Why is demand on customary land high? 11
2.3.3. What are the impacts of demand on Customary Land? 13
3. Research Question 17
3.1 Objectives 17
3.2 Hypotheses 18
4. Sub Questions 18
4.1 Research Method 19
4.2 Study Design 20
5. Data Analysis 26
6. Dissertation Structure 27
7. Work Schedule 28
8. Limitations 28
References 29
Feedback from Minh 30
Reflection on feedback from Minh 30
Peer review – Srdjan Runjevac 31
Reflection on Feedback from Srdjan 31

4.2 Study Design研究設(shè)計(jì)

The main question of this research  is, How is the state integrating customary land  rights of the local people, into the investors objectives for economic development in  Zambia?
The main focus of the research is on the protection of the land rights of the people which are unexpectedly being taken away from them through overnight warnings or statements. To answer this question, desk research and qualitative research methods will be applied to gain results. The qualitative research will be inform of in-depth interviews and three case studies. In expectation, the result of the research will be show a perspective on where rural people are heading with regards to land rights in their country. This will also give an overview of how much consideration is being given to their livelihoods and culture as indigenous Zambian citizens who are purported to be the initial investors on their land throughout the generations. Moreover, the research will show how investment on indigenous land has affected the livelihoods of the rural people.
Included is the description of how each sub question is answered with a chosen method and the expected result of each sub question.
Sub question 1: What is land Tenure?
Method: Desk Research; gathering data through literature review 
Expected Result: To establish an overall perspective on what land tenure is and the types and characteristics of land tenure in Zambia. This will also how a perspective of the transition of land tenure from pre colonial to post independence regimes.

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