杭州灣城市群緣色空間時空演變及空間匹配性研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-21 19:59
【摘要】：隨著生活水平的大幅度提高,城市居民對城市環(huán)境提出了更高要求。對城市綠色空間的時空變化進行研究,可以加深對快速城市化背景下城市環(huán)境演變的理解,為最終實現(xiàn)城市綠色空間的合理布局,促進其生態(tài)效益和社會效益的充分發(fā)揮提供指導。城市綠色空間分布廣泛且高度破碎,受人為活動干擾強烈且演替頻繁,實現(xiàn)復雜環(huán)境下城市綠色空間的準確提取對遙感數(shù)據(jù)源的時空分辨率和信息提取方法都提出了更高的要求。本研究以Landsat影像為主要數(shù)據(jù)源,采用基于亞像元的城市綠色空間信息提取和變化檢測方法,研究了杭州灣6個主要城市20多年來市域范圍內(nèi)城市綠色空間的時空動態(tài)及景觀格局變化,并進一步在街鎮(zhèn)尺度上分析了城市綠色空間和公共公園與人口分布的空間匹配性及環(huán)境正義問題。主要研究內(nèi)容和結(jié)論如下：(1)采用以多端元光譜混合分析為基礎的區(qū)域綠色空間信息提取方法,在亞像元水平上提取了杭州灣城市群主要城市1990、2002和2013年城市綠色空間信息。首先采用閾值法對影像進行純植被掩膜,有效地減小了模型運算量以及純植被覆蓋區(qū)域植被光譜細微變化所帶來的干擾。通過在傳統(tǒng)VIS模型中加入水體和陰影端元,可以在水綠共生為特色的典型江南水鄉(xiāng)城市中較好的提取出濕地、農(nóng)田水網(wǎng)以及城市內(nèi)部水體周邊的綠色空間信息。此外,在確定不同復雜水平模型的端元光譜時,通過對二端元模型運行結(jié)果的檢視來選擇合適的端元光譜來運行三端元和四端元模型,可以在保證精度的同時提高運算效率。結(jié)果表明,以多端元光譜混合分析為基礎的區(qū)域綠色空間信息提取方法可以較準確地提取城市綠色空間信息,尤其是城市內(nèi)部零散分布的小斑塊綠色空間和道路、河道兩旁的線性綠色空間,為正確理解城市環(huán)境演變提供了有力的基礎。(2)利用1990、2002和2013年亞像元尺度綠色空間信息,構建了RGB植被比例模型�；赗GB加色原理,通過豐富的色彩組合對城市內(nèi)部綠色空間的細微變化以及區(qū)域綠色空間的變化熱點進行了可視化表達。結(jié)果顯示,過去20年,杭州灣地區(qū)主要城市區(qū)域綠色空間格局發(fā)生了劇烈的變化,其中綠色空間的流失主要發(fā)生在建成區(qū)周邊,且2002年后損失更為嚴重,范圍更廣。城市中心區(qū)域和沿海地區(qū)則表現(xiàn)出了綠色空間恢復的趨勢。通過對亞像元植被比例進行分級,本文應用景觀指數(shù)從數(shù)量、破碎程度、優(yōu)勢度、聚集度和多樣性等方面對城市綠色空間的景觀格局在市域范圍、老城區(qū)和城鄉(xiāng)梯度樣帶三個尺度上進行了研究。市域尺度上綠色空間景觀變化反映了城市化對區(qū)域環(huán)境的影響,總體上經(jīng)歷著以全植被覆蓋等級綠色空間為主的景觀逐漸退化為無、低和中植被覆蓋等級綠色空間景觀的過程。強烈的人為活動干擾,尤其是城市建設用地的劇烈蔓延和擴張,切斷了原有自然景觀在空間上的聯(lián)系,導致了區(qū)域綠色空間景觀趨向于破碎化、散布化和無序化。與市域總體變化趨勢不同,老城區(qū)綠色空間景觀改善顯著。尤其是2002年以后,零散分布的小斑塊綠色空間的增加導致了低覆蓋和中覆蓋等級綠色空間的增加,逐漸形成網(wǎng)絡的城市綠色空間景觀將原來大片存在的非透水面分割成較小的斑塊,綠色空間景觀多樣性增強。老城區(qū)的綠色空間景觀格局變化特征反映出了城市發(fā)展和綠化政策對城市核心區(qū)域環(huán)境的影響。尤其是第二個時期新的綠化政策和創(chuàng)新的綠色空間增長策略,極大地促進了中、低植被覆蓋綠色空間在數(shù)量和空間分布上的增長,對改善城市內(nèi)部環(huán)境起到了積極的效果。梯度分析進一步揭示了綠色空間景觀格局隨建成區(qū)擴張的時空變化特征。(3)基于人口普查數(shù)據(jù),采用基尼系數(shù)和泰爾指數(shù)對2000年和2010年綠色空間和公共公園與人口在街鎮(zhèn)尺度上的空間匹配性進行了研究。隨著城市化的推進,綠色空間與人口的不匹配性加劇,而公共公園與人口之間不匹配性則顯著減小。在規(guī)模較大的城市,綠色空間的不匹配性超過公共公園,成為區(qū)域不匹配性的主要問題。在城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)之間,城市組內(nèi)部的綠色空間不匹配性要更為嚴峻,并且城鄉(xiāng)之間在綠色空間的獲取上差異顯著。相比較而言,公共公園的不匹配性主要來自鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)組內(nèi)部。由于近年來公園建設的進展,尤其是社區(qū)公園和農(nóng)村公園的建設,鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)組內(nèi)部的不匹配性以及城鄉(xiāng)之間的差異均得到改善。綠色空間和公共公園的獲取上,老齡人口內(nèi)部存在更大的差異,而外來人口內(nèi)部則差異較小,這種差異主要是由于外來人口和老齡人口的空間集聚特征所致。通過分別計算城市組和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)組不同人口組別的人均綠色空間面積和公共公園面積,清晰地反映出城市居民,尤其是老齡人口,在綠色空間和公共公園獲取上存在巨大的城鄉(xiāng)差異。而外來人口雖然內(nèi)部差異較小,但其整體相對于普通居民在公共公園的獲取上處于劣勢。未來城市綠色空間規(guī)劃應堅持以人為本的原則,充分考慮不同群體的需求特點,實現(xiàn)環(huán)境資源的有效配置及公正分配�？焖俪鞘谢瘜^(qū)域城市綠色空間景觀影響是深遠而復雜的�？焖僭鲩L的人口和繁榮的經(jīng)濟活動刺激著城市對土地的需求,對城市內(nèi)部及周邊綠色空間造成巨大壓力。同時,環(huán)境保護意識的增強和綠化理念的進步也可能為城市綠色空間帶來更加完善的布局和管理。多尺度上研究城市綠色空間對城市化作用的時空響應機制,有助于理解城市環(huán)境的現(xiàn)狀及其演變規(guī)律�；趤喯裨木G色空間信息提取以及景觀分析方法,可以獲得傳統(tǒng)分析方法難以提取的時空演變以及景觀格局信息,為Landsat等中等分辨率遙感影像在城市景觀生態(tài)研究中的應用提供了一個新的思路。
[Abstract]:With the improvement of the living standard, the urban residents have made higher demands on the urban environment. The study on the spatial and temporal change of the green space of the city can deepen the understanding of the evolution of the urban environment in the context of the rapid urbanization, and provide guidance for realizing the rational distribution of the green space of the city and promoting the full play of the ecological benefit and the social benefit. The spatial and temporal resolution of the remote sensing data source and the information extraction method of the remote sensing data source are made higher. Based on the Landsat image as the main data source, the temporal and spatial dynamics of the urban green space and the change of the landscape pattern of the urban green space in the six major cities of Hangzhou Bay have been studied by using the urban green space information extraction and change detection method based on the sub-image elements. The spatial matching and environmental justice of the urban green space and the public park and the population distribution are further analyzed in the street town scale. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) The regional green space information extraction method based on the multi-terminal spectral hybrid analysis is adopted, and the urban green space information of the major cities of Hangzhou Bay City,1990,2002 and 2013 is extracted at the sub-pixel level. Firstly, a threshold method is adopted to perform a pure vegetation mask on the image, so that the calculation amount of the model and the interference caused by the fine change of the vegetation spectrum of the pure vegetation cover area are effectively reduced. By adding the water body and the shadow end element in the traditional VIS model, the green space information of the wetland, the farmland water network and the periphery of the water body in the city can be better extracted in the typical Jiangmen Township, which is characterized by water-green symbiosis. In addition, when the end-element spectrum of the different complex horizontal model is determined, the three-terminal element and the four-terminal element model are operated by selecting the appropriate end-element spectrum by the view of the operation result of the two-terminal element model, and the operation efficiency can be improved while the accuracy is ensured. The results show that the regional green space information extraction method based on the multi-terminal spectral hybrid analysis can extract the urban green space information more accurately, in particular the small plaque green space and the road, the linear green space on both sides of the river channel, It provides a powerful foundation for understanding the evolution of the urban environment. (2) Using the sub-scale green space information of 1990,2002 and 2013, the RGB vegetation proportion model was constructed. Based on the principle of RGB color addition, this paper makes a visual representation of the fine change of the green space in the city and the change of the regional green space through the rich color combination. The results show that in the past 20 years, the green space pattern of the major urban areas in the Hangzhou Bay area has changed dramatically, and the loss of green space mainly occurs in the periphery of the built-up area, and the loss is more serious and the scope is wider in 2002. The urban central region and the coastal area show the trend of green space recovery. By grading the proportion of the sub-image elements, the landscape pattern of the urban green space is studied from the aspects of quantity, degree of fragmentation, dominance, degree of aggregation and diversity. The change of the green space landscape on the scale of the market reflects the influence of the urbanization on the regional environment. The strong man-made activity disturbance, especially the severe spread and expansion of the urban construction land, cut off the link between the original natural landscape and the space, and led to the tendency of the green space of the region to break, spread and disorder. The green space landscape in the old city is improved significantly, according to the overall trend of the market. in particular, after 2002, the increase of the green space of the scattered small plaque leads to the increase of the green space of the low covering and middle covering grade, gradually forms the urban green space landscape of the network, and the non-permeable water surface existing in the original large area is divided into smaller patches, And the landscape diversity of the green space is enhanced. The change of the green space landscape pattern in the old city reflects the influence of the urban development and the green policy on the urban core environment. In particular, the new greening policy and the green space growth strategy of the second period have greatly promoted the growth of the green space in the medium and low vegetation covering the quantity and the space distribution, and has a positive effect on the improvement of the internal environment of the city. The temporal and spatial variation of the green space landscape pattern with the built-up area is further revealed by the gradient analysis. (3) Based on the census data, the spatial matching of the green space and the public park and the population on the street town scale was studied by using the Gini coefficient and the Teri index. With the development of urbanization, the mismatch between the green space and the population is increasing, while the mismatch between the public park and the population is significantly reduced. In large-scale cities, the non-matching of green space exceeds the public park, and becomes the main problem of regional non-matching. In the urban and rural areas, the green space in the urban group is not matching, and the difference between urban and rural areas in the green space is significant. In contrast, the non-matching of the public park is mainly from the inside of the town group. The development of park construction in recent years, in particular the construction of community parks and rural parks, the non-matching within the township and the differences between urban and rural areas have been improved. In the acquisition of green space and public park, there is a greater difference in the old population, and the difference in the inside of the foreign population is smaller, which is mainly due to the spatial agglomeration of the foreign population and the old population. By separately calculating the green space area and the area of the public park of different population groups in the city group and the town group, it is clear that the urban residents, especially the old population, have huge urban and rural differences in the green space and the public park. While the internal difference of the foreign population is small, the whole population is at a disadvantage with respect to the general population in the acquisition of the public park. In the future, the green space planning of the city should adhere to the principle of people-oriented, give full consideration to the needs of different groups, and realize the effective allocation and fair distribution of the environmental resources. The impact of rapid urbanization on the green space landscape of the regional cities is far-reaching and complicated. The rapid growth of the population and the prosperity of the economy has stimulated the city's demand for land, causing great pressure on the city's interior and surrounding green space. At the same time, the improvement of environmental protection consciousness and the progress of the green idea may bring more perfect layout and management to the green space of the city. The spatial and temporal response mechanism of the urban green space on the urbanization is studied in a multi-scale, which can help to understand the present situation and the evolution law of the urban environment. Based on the green space information extraction and the landscape analysis method of the sub-image element, it is possible to obtain the space-time evolution and the landscape pattern information that the traditional analysis method is difficult to extract, and provides a new idea for the application of the medium-resolution remote sensing image such as Landsat in the urban landscape ecological study.
【學位授予單位】：浙江大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU982.2
本文編號：2504311
[Abstract]:With the improvement of the living standard, the urban residents have made higher demands on the urban environment. The study on the spatial and temporal change of the green space of the city can deepen the understanding of the evolution of the urban environment in the context of the rapid urbanization, and provide guidance for realizing the rational distribution of the green space of the city and promoting the full play of the ecological benefit and the social benefit. The spatial and temporal resolution of the remote sensing data source and the information extraction method of the remote sensing data source are made higher. Based on the Landsat image as the main data source, the temporal and spatial dynamics of the urban green space and the change of the landscape pattern of the urban green space in the six major cities of Hangzhou Bay have been studied by using the urban green space information extraction and change detection method based on the sub-image elements. The spatial matching and environmental justice of the urban green space and the public park and the population distribution are further analyzed in the street town scale. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) The regional green space information extraction method based on the multi-terminal spectral hybrid analysis is adopted, and the urban green space information of the major cities of Hangzhou Bay City,1990,2002 and 2013 is extracted at the sub-pixel level. Firstly, a threshold method is adopted to perform a pure vegetation mask on the image, so that the calculation amount of the model and the interference caused by the fine change of the vegetation spectrum of the pure vegetation cover area are effectively reduced. By adding the water body and the shadow end element in the traditional VIS model, the green space information of the wetland, the farmland water network and the periphery of the water body in the city can be better extracted in the typical Jiangmen Township, which is characterized by water-green symbiosis. In addition, when the end-element spectrum of the different complex horizontal model is determined, the three-terminal element and the four-terminal element model are operated by selecting the appropriate end-element spectrum by the view of the operation result of the two-terminal element model, and the operation efficiency can be improved while the accuracy is ensured. The results show that the regional green space information extraction method based on the multi-terminal spectral hybrid analysis can extract the urban green space information more accurately, in particular the small plaque green space and the road, the linear green space on both sides of the river channel, It provides a powerful foundation for understanding the evolution of the urban environment. (2) Using the sub-scale green space information of 1990,2002 and 2013, the RGB vegetation proportion model was constructed. Based on the principle of RGB color addition, this paper makes a visual representation of the fine change of the green space in the city and the change of the regional green space through the rich color combination. The results show that in the past 20 years, the green space pattern of the major urban areas in the Hangzhou Bay area has changed dramatically, and the loss of green space mainly occurs in the periphery of the built-up area, and the loss is more serious and the scope is wider in 2002. The urban central region and the coastal area show the trend of green space recovery. By grading the proportion of the sub-image elements, the landscape pattern of the urban green space is studied from the aspects of quantity, degree of fragmentation, dominance, degree of aggregation and diversity. The change of the green space landscape on the scale of the market reflects the influence of the urbanization on the regional environment. The strong man-made activity disturbance, especially the severe spread and expansion of the urban construction land, cut off the link between the original natural landscape and the space, and led to the tendency of the green space of the region to break, spread and disorder. The green space landscape in the old city is improved significantly, according to the overall trend of the market. in particular, after 2002, the increase of the green space of the scattered small plaque leads to the increase of the green space of the low covering and middle covering grade, gradually forms the urban green space landscape of the network, and the non-permeable water surface existing in the original large area is divided into smaller patches, And the landscape diversity of the green space is enhanced. The change of the green space landscape pattern in the old city reflects the influence of the urban development and the green policy on the urban core environment. In particular, the new greening policy and the green space growth strategy of the second period have greatly promoted the growth of the green space in the medium and low vegetation covering the quantity and the space distribution, and has a positive effect on the improvement of the internal environment of the city. The temporal and spatial variation of the green space landscape pattern with the built-up area is further revealed by the gradient analysis. (3) Based on the census data, the spatial matching of the green space and the public park and the population on the street town scale was studied by using the Gini coefficient and the Teri index. With the development of urbanization, the mismatch between the green space and the population is increasing, while the mismatch between the public park and the population is significantly reduced. In large-scale cities, the non-matching of green space exceeds the public park, and becomes the main problem of regional non-matching. In the urban and rural areas, the green space in the urban group is not matching, and the difference between urban and rural areas in the green space is significant. In contrast, the non-matching of the public park is mainly from the inside of the town group. The development of park construction in recent years, in particular the construction of community parks and rural parks, the non-matching within the township and the differences between urban and rural areas have been improved. In the acquisition of green space and public park, there is a greater difference in the old population, and the difference in the inside of the foreign population is smaller, which is mainly due to the spatial agglomeration of the foreign population and the old population. By separately calculating the green space area and the area of the public park of different population groups in the city group and the town group, it is clear that the urban residents, especially the old population, have huge urban and rural differences in the green space and the public park. While the internal difference of the foreign population is small, the whole population is at a disadvantage with respect to the general population in the acquisition of the public park. In the future, the green space planning of the city should adhere to the principle of people-oriented, give full consideration to the needs of different groups, and realize the effective allocation and fair distribution of the environmental resources. The impact of rapid urbanization on the green space landscape of the regional cities is far-reaching and complicated. The rapid growth of the population and the prosperity of the economy has stimulated the city's demand for land, causing great pressure on the city's interior and surrounding green space. At the same time, the improvement of environmental protection consciousness and the progress of the green idea may bring more perfect layout and management to the green space of the city. The spatial and temporal response mechanism of the urban green space on the urbanization is studied in a multi-scale, which can help to understand the present situation and the evolution law of the urban environment. Based on the green space information extraction and the landscape analysis method of the sub-image element, it is possible to obtain the space-time evolution and the landscape pattern information that the traditional analysis method is difficult to extract, and provides a new idea for the application of the medium-resolution remote sensing image such as Landsat in the urban landscape ecological study.
【學位授予單位】：浙江大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU982.2
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