發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-05 17:52

【摘要】：火災(zāi)的破壞性非常大,它不僅嚴(yán)重地威脅著人的生命安全,還會(huì)造成極大的社會(huì)財(cái)富損失。然而大量資料表明,火災(zāi)中對(duì)人員產(chǎn)生傷害最大的并不是火源區(qū)域,而是流動(dòng)的煙氣。高溫?zé)煔獠粌H含有大量煙塵粒子使人可視距離降低而且還含有有毒或令人窒息的物質(zhì),這都將導(dǎo)致人員撤離速度減慢,受到煙氣傷害。走廊在建筑中起到連接房間與逃生通道的作用,是人員在火災(zāi)中逃生的必經(jīng)之路。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外大量的學(xué)者已經(jīng)對(duì)煙氣在走廊內(nèi)的流動(dòng)特性進(jìn)行了大量研究。走廊能否有效排煙對(duì)人員安全起到了極為重要的作用,因此本文對(duì)走廊排煙效果的影響因素進(jìn)行了一些研究。本文采用火災(zāi)動(dòng)態(tài)模擬軟件FDS,采用大渦模擬的方法對(duì)某職工宿舍樓在自然排煙和機(jī)械排煙條件下的排煙進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬。首先,本文建立了建筑物的計(jì)算模型,根據(jù)建筑物的特性和模擬需求設(shè)置了合適的火源熱釋放速率和火源位置。然后,研究走廊的自然排煙特性,通過(guò)多組工況的計(jì)算對(duì)比,對(duì)走廊自然排煙時(shí)開(kāi)窗形式、開(kāi)窗位置、室外低溫和室外自然風(fēng)風(fēng)向、風(fēng)速對(duì)排煙效果產(chǎn)生的影響進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明,除特定風(fēng)向較高風(fēng)速外,自然排煙無(wú)法滿足人員逃生的安全要求。在同樣的開(kāi)窗面積條件下,走廊兩端開(kāi)窗排煙效果好于走廊兩側(cè)開(kāi)窗;外窗高度越高,自然排煙效果越好;風(fēng)向與走廊方向相同時(shí)走廊整體自然排煙效果增強(qiáng);風(fēng)向與走廊方向垂直時(shí),對(duì)走廊自然排煙產(chǎn)生阻礙。最后,對(duì)走廊機(jī)械排煙進(jìn)行模擬和分析。模擬機(jī)械排煙時(shí)排煙系統(tǒng)參數(shù)設(shè)定以《高層民用建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范(GB50045-2005)》為基礎(chǔ)。文中分別討論了走廊依靠縫隙補(bǔ)風(fēng)的不合理性,走廊開(kāi)外窗的高度、排煙口距離地面高度、排煙口布置數(shù)量、排煙口布置位置、排煙量等條件對(duì)機(jī)械排煙效果的影響。對(duì)模擬結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析后得出結(jié)論:打開(kāi)走廊外窗能夠保證機(jī)械排煙系統(tǒng)的有效運(yùn)行;機(jī)械排煙口距離地面不宜小于3米;走廊外窗高度不宜超過(guò)1.6米;本建筑每個(gè)防煙分區(qū)的合理排煙量是50m3/h。
[Abstract]:Fire is very destructive, it not only seriously threatens the safety of human life, but also causes great loss of social wealth. However, a large number of data show that the greatest damage to people in the fire is not the fire source area, but the flow of smoke. High temperature smoke not only contains a large number of soot particles to reduce the visual distance, but also contains toxic or suffocating substances, which will slow down the evacuation rate of people and be damaged by smoke. The corridor plays the role of connecting the room with the escape passage in the building, and it is the only way for people to escape from the fire. In recent years, a large number of scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on the flow characteristics of flue gas in corridors. Whether the corridor can effectively exhaust smoke plays a very important role in the safety of personnel, so this paper studies the influencing factors of the smoke exhaust effect of the corridor. In this paper, the fire dynamic simulation software FDS, is used to simulate the smoke exhaust of a worker dormitory under the condition of natural smoke exhaust and mechanical smoke exhaust by using the method of large vortex simulation. Firstly, the calculation model of the building is established, and the appropriate heat release rate and fire source position are set up according to the characteristics and simulation requirements of the building. Then, the natural smoke exhaust characteristics of the corridor are studied, and the effects of window opening form, window opening position, outdoor low temperature, outdoor natural wind direction and wind speed on the smoke exhaust effect are analyzed through the calculation and comparison of multiple working conditions. The results show that the natural smoke exhaust can not meet the safety requirements of escape except for the specific wind direction and high wind speed. Under the same window opening area, the smoke exhaust effect of window opening at both ends of the corridor is better than that of both sides of the corridor; the higher the height of the outer window, the better the natural smoke exhaust effect, and the better the overall natural smoke exhaust effect of the corridor at the same time as the wind direction and the corridor direction. When the wind direction is perpendicular to the corridor direction, it hinders the natural smoke exhaust in the corridor. Finally, the smoke exhaust of corridor machinery is simulated and analyzed. The parameter setting of smoke exhaust system in simulated mechanical smoke exhaust is based on the Code for Fire Protection of High-rise Civil buildings (GB50045-2005). In this paper, the irrationality of relying on gap air supply in corridor, the height of opening window, the height of smoke outlet from the ground, the number of smoke outlet arrangement, the position of smoke outlet arrangement and the influence of smoke exhaust quantity on the effect of mechanical smoke exhaust are discussed respectively. After analyzing the simulation results, it is concluded that opening the outer window of the corridor can ensure the effective operation of the mechanical smoke exhaust system, the distance of the mechanical smoke outlet should not be less than 3 meters from the ground, and the height of the outer window of the corridor should not exceed 1.6 meters. The reasonable smoke discharge of each smoke prevention zone in this building is 50m ~ 3 / h.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工程大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TU834;TU998.1

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本文編號(hào)：2493714