農(nóng)田邊界和居民庭院植物多樣性分布格局及植被營建
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-27 18:40
【摘要】：庭園和農(nóng)田邊界分別作為農(nóng)業(yè)/農(nóng)村生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中鄉(xiāng)村聚落景觀和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)景觀中生物多樣性保護(hù)的熱點(diǎn)區(qū),對(duì)這些生境植被的合理管護(hù)能有效提高地方生物多樣性、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能,增進(jìn)人類福祉。通過田野調(diào)查、訪談,分析并探討農(nóng)業(yè)景觀中農(nóng)田邊界、田間島嶼等非農(nóng)生境和農(nóng)村居民庭園植被物種多樣性、功能組成及其立地、景觀和管理等關(guān)鍵因素影響,并提出了生態(tài)植被營建途徑及管護(hù)建議,為加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村/農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)管護(hù)、優(yōu)化生態(tài)服務(wù)提供參考。 1、以華北平原集約化農(nóng)業(yè)景觀為研究區(qū),對(duì)14個(gè)典型生境的植物組成進(jìn)行分層隨機(jī)調(diào)查,結(jié)果顯示：(1)在樣地水平上,河邊坑塘植被帶物種豐富度最高,其次為溝渠,果園、棉田、糧田物種豐富度較低,與菜地等4個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)生境草本鄉(xiāng)土物種比例均≤70%,其中菜地僅30.5%。(2)在生境水平上,田間墳地(9-800m2)擁有最高的物種豐富度(102種)、草本物種(85種)和鄉(xiāng)土特有種(6種),林地中有最多的木本物種(13種),其他生境均有特有種。(3)在所有生境中,共計(jì)調(diào)查到植物161種,分屬41科,119屬,其中野生種117種,草本131種,草本中58%為鄉(xiāng)土物種,74%為雜草,22.1%為惡性雜草；其中野生瀕危保護(hù)植物3種、外來入侵種(潛在)15種。對(duì)于不同尺度,樣地尺度比生境尺度上擁有較低的鄉(xiāng)土植物和較高比例的雜草；對(duì)于不同生境,物種蓋度聚類和排序分析顯示,田間墳地植被與荒草地不同,具有明顯近自然特征,糧棉果蔬農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)生境與廊道及田間島嶼等半自然生境間差異較大。(4)景觀尺度研究表明,從單作農(nóng)業(yè)景觀、復(fù)合種植農(nóng)業(yè)景觀至非農(nóng)生境鑲嵌異質(zhì)景觀等梯度不同的五個(gè)景觀類型區(qū)之間植物豐富度和組成具有顯著差異；當(dāng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)生境飽和后,外來物種和惡性雜草增長趨緩,而隨著非農(nóng)生境多樣化,多年生雜草、木本等逐漸增加,尤其是鄉(xiāng)土種遞增最為明顯。 2、系統(tǒng)調(diào)查了506條典型農(nóng)業(yè)景觀中河渠、生產(chǎn)路、田間路、田間草埂、樹埂等5類線性非農(nóng)生境的植物群落組成。研究顯示：共計(jì)調(diào)查到植物物種123種,農(nóng)田邊界植被科優(yōu)勢現(xiàn)象比較突出,單種屬較多。農(nóng)田邊界自生植被型以灌草叢為主,喬木層多為人工栽植,且較單一集中,群落物種組成多以野生雜草種為主。盡管很多物種為廣布種,不同類型農(nóng)田邊界在植被物種豐富度、物種功能組成、植被分層及蓋度上差異較大。(3)樣地尺度α多樣性河渠最高,田間草埂最低,β多樣性和γ多樣性田間路最高,生產(chǎn)路最低。(4)不同農(nóng)田邊界類型之間在群落組成上也有明顯差異,其中生產(chǎn)路和田間草埂相似度最大,生產(chǎn)路和田間樹埂相似度最低。 3、對(duì)農(nóng)田邊界植被組成及其立地和景觀尺度等一系列解釋變量的研究顯示：(1)農(nóng)田邊界植物多樣性及其組成受到立地和景觀不同尺度眾多因素的顯著影響；(2)除鄰近土地利用、植被結(jié)構(gòu)、樣地環(huán)境影響因素外,景觀特征和管理因素也不容忽視；(3)不同的農(nóng)田邊界功能群物種組成不同,河道溝渠和田間樹埂具有較高的自然種、木本種及多年生草本多樣性,而農(nóng)業(yè)耐受種較低,含有喬灌層的農(nóng)田邊界擁有較少的農(nóng)業(yè)耐受種和一年生草本,較寬的田間路兩種功能組植物豐富度都較高,而較窄的生產(chǎn)路和農(nóng)田草埂農(nóng)業(yè)耐受種和一二年草本較多。(4)用PCCA方法分析5個(gè)不同變量組的影響,結(jié)果顯示,除受土地利用因素、植被結(jié)構(gòu)和立地環(huán)境等立地因素主要影響外,農(nóng)田邊界植物多樣性及組成受到的景觀因素的影響比管理因素大。 4、以集約化農(nóng)業(yè)景觀為研究區(qū),基于喬、灌、草組合模式劃分的5種植被結(jié)構(gòu)類型,對(duì)“田間島嶼”的植物多樣性及其歷史和面積因素影響進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果顯示：(1)在10個(gè)1×1km2景觀柵格中,共計(jì)調(diào)查到494個(gè)田間島嶼,平均田間島嶼斑塊面積為68.3m2,總面積3.38ha,占研究區(qū)總面積的0.36%,豐富度卻占到景觀總物種的64%,是維系該地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)景觀生物多樣性重要的熱點(diǎn)區(qū)域和物種庫：(2)田間島嶼植被鄉(xiāng)土物種占主導(dǎo)地位,每種植被結(jié)構(gòu)類型均有特有種,調(diào)查中記錄了3種重點(diǎn)保護(hù)瀕危植物；(3)不同類型植被結(jié)構(gòu)α、β、γ多樣性差異明顯,其中物種豐富度從植被結(jié)構(gòu)類型1至5,依次降低,類型4、5有較高的beta多樣性和較低的γ多樣性；(4)線性回歸分析顯示,島嶼歷史和面積兩個(gè)因素對(duì)樣地物種豐富度影響明顯,對(duì)喬木層和灌木層蓋度影響較大,而對(duì)草本層無明顯影響,研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了“田間島嶼”這一非農(nóng)生境對(duì)于維系和恢復(fù)集約化農(nóng)業(yè)景觀生物多樣性的重要性。(5)對(duì)田間島嶼生境地被自生植被組成的立地和景觀影響因素研究結(jié)果顯示,在記錄的28個(gè)環(huán)境變量中,有15個(gè)顯著影響變量參與模型建立,PCCA結(jié)果表明植被群落結(jié)構(gòu)因子和景觀因子的影響都大于立地環(huán)境的作用。 5、對(duì)北京沿城市化梯度農(nóng)村居民庭園植被研究顯示,沿該梯度庭園的物種多樣性和豐度格局反映了不同地區(qū)居民的需求層次差異。從北京近郊到遠(yuǎn)郊村莊,庭園生物多樣性和豐富度的變化呈現(xiàn)從觀賞(文化服務(wù))到食用(供給功能)的變化。Rarefaction曲線顯示觀賞物種是導(dǎo)致地區(qū)間庭園p多樣性差異的重要因素：排序也顯示了物種組成沿城市梯度的顯著差異,近郊和偏遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)村差異最大,而郊區(qū)則與兩者均有較高相似度。此外,物種與庭園面積僅在偏遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)村呈正相關(guān)。較高的食用植物蓋度和物種密度,顯示了農(nóng)村庭園種植者比城市的有較高的食用功用需求。 6、對(duì)北京農(nóng)村居民庭園植被垂直配置和水平微環(huán)境組成進(jìn)行定量化研究,分析了庭園面積、不同村莊及城鄉(xiāng)梯度對(duì)庭園結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。在105戶居民庭園中,43.8%具有庭園外園地,農(nóng)戶宅基地面積較小的戶傾向于種植外園地,庭園(內(nèi)外園地)面積平均為189.2ma(37-746m)9；所有庭園中共調(diào)查到17種土地利用類型,單個(gè)庭園土地利用多樣性3-14個(gè)不等平均8.9個(gè)；不同城鄉(xiāng)區(qū)位會(huì)影響庭園水平土地利用多樣性,近郊庭園較少,而且也會(huì)影響其面積差異,較大戶級(jí)總面積支持了較多水平土地利用多樣性,有的類型分布比較固定；庭園各植被層蓋度和3m的喬木棵數(shù)均隨著庭園面積增加而遞增,城鄉(xiāng)區(qū)位也會(huì)影響居民庭園不同植被層蓋度及所占總面積比例,3m各植被層面積,偏遠(yuǎn)鄉(xiāng)村較大,3m植被冠層蓋度在中間梯度的遠(yuǎn)郊庭園面積最大。 7、應(yīng)用多元回歸方法定量化研究預(yù)測了庭園內(nèi)外部環(huán)境、庭園管理及農(nóng)戶社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)特征對(duì)庭園植物組成、植物多樣性及庭園功能類型的影響,結(jié)果顯示：(1)庭園面積和家庭收入、庭園結(jié)構(gòu)和庭園管理投入時(shí)間等因素是影響的重要因素；同時(shí),農(nóng)業(yè)占家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)的比重增加,戶主年齡較年長、受教育水平較低、家中老人較多,食用物種豐富度也較高；戶主年齡較年長、受教育水平較低、家中老人較多,鄉(xiāng)土物種較多；庭園歷史較長、庭園管理者有男性參與提高了庭園中遮陰、木材等其他功用植物豐富度；戶主為女性促進(jìn)了庭園總物種豐富度、觀賞和草本種豐富度的增加。(2)花園型分布與戶主為女性顯著相關(guān)；距離城郊越遠(yuǎn)、戶主從事農(nóng)業(yè)為主,農(nóng)業(yè)收入農(nóng)業(yè)比重大,庭園結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、庭園管理投入時(shí)間多、庭園種植歷史較長、主要管理者有男性參與,對(duì)菜園分布有積極影響；林園型分布主要與庭院面積和家庭收入有關(guān),庭院面積較大、家庭收入較高,林園分布的比例就較高；距離城市較近、戶主從事非農(nóng)職業(yè),庭園結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、較少對(duì)庭園進(jìn)行管理促使過度鋪裝庭園的分布概率增加；庭園結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、管理時(shí)間較多、庭園歷史較長、管理者有男性參與對(duì)多功能復(fù)合型的分布有積極影響。 8對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)景觀不同類型生境進(jìn)行良好的管護(hù)需要在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤讲捎煤侠淼拇胧?實(shí)施正確的方法進(jìn)行生態(tài)植被營建和管護(hù),參考國內(nèi)相關(guān)研究和實(shí)踐案例,對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)景觀中非農(nóng)生境和庭園生態(tài)植被提出管護(hù)建議和建設(shè)注意事項(xiàng),使人們對(duì)農(nóng)村多種生境更加熟悉,并應(yīng)用于設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)踐。
[Abstract]:Garden and farmland border are the hot spots of biodiversity conservation in rural settlement landscape and agricultural production landscape respectively in agricultural/rural ecosystem. Reasonable management and protection of these habitat vegetation can effectively improve local biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. Species diversity, functional composition, site, landscape and management of non-agricultural habitats such as farmland boundaries, field islands, and garden vegetation of rural residents in the industrial landscape were studied. Meanwhile, approaches and suggestions for ecological vegetation construction and management were put forward, which could provide references for strengthening the management of rural/agricultural ecosystems and optimizing ecological services.
1. Taking the intensive agricultural landscape of North China Plain as the research area, the plant composition of 14 typical habitats was investigated by stratified random method. The results showed that: (1) At the sample plot level, the species richness of the vegetation zone in the riverside pit was the highest, followed by ditches, orchards, cotton fields, grain fields and herbaceous native materials in the four agricultural habitats such as vegetable fields. The proportion of species was less than 70%. The vegetable plot was only 30.5%. (2) At the habitat level, field cemetery (9-800m2) had the highest species richness (102 species), herbaceous species (85 species) and endemic species (6 species), woody species (13 species) were the most in the woodland, and other habitats had endemic species. (3) In all habitats, 161 species belonging to 41 families, 11 species were investigated. There are 117 wild species, 131 herbs, 58% native species, 74% weeds and 22.1% malignant weeds in 9 genera, of which 3 are endangered plants and 15 are invasive alien species. Degree clustering and ordination analysis showed that field cemetery vegetation was different from barren grassland, and had obvious near-natural characteristics. There were great differences between semi-natural habitats such as grain, cotton, fruit and vegetable production habitats, corridors and field islands. (4) Landscape scale study showed that from monoculture agricultural landscape, compound planting agricultural landscape to non-agricultural habitat mosaic heterogeneous landscape. There were significant differences in plant richness and composition among the five landscape types with different degrees. When the agricultural habitats were saturated, the growth of alien species and malignant weeds slowed down, while with the diversification of non-agricultural habitats, perennial weeds and woody plants gradually increased, especially the native species increased most significantly.
2. The composition of plant communities in 5 kinds of linear non-agricultural habitats including canals, production roads, field roads, grassland ridges and tree ridges in 506 typical agricultural landscapes were systematically investigated. Although many species are widely distributed, there are great differences in vegetation species richness, species functional composition, vegetation stratification and coverage between different types of farmland boundary. (3) Sample scale has the highest alpha diversity in canals, the lowest in ridges, beta diversity and coverage. (4) There were significant differences in community composition among different farmland boundary types, among which the similarity between production road and grass ridge was the largest, and the similarity between production road and tree ridge was the lowest.
3. A series of explanatory variables, such as vegetation composition and site and landscape scale, have been studied. The results show that: (1) plant diversity and composition at the farmland boundary are significantly affected by many factors at different site and landscape scales; (2) landscape characteristics and management factors, in addition to adjacent land use, vegetation structure, environmental impact factors of sample plots. (3) The species composition of functional groups in different farmland boundaries is different. The natural species, woody species and perennial herbaceous diversity are higher in river canals and field ridges, but the agricultural tolerant species are lower. The farmland boundaries with arbor and shrub layers have fewer agricultural tolerant species and annual herbaceous plants, and wider field roads. The richness was high, but the narrow production road and the grass ridge had more tolerant species and herbs in 12 years. (4) PCCA method was used to analyze the effects of five different variable groups. The results showed that besides land use factors, vegetation structure and site environment, the plant diversity and composition of farmland border were mainly affected by landscape factors. The impact is greater than management factors.
4. Based on the five vegetation structure types of arbor, shrub and grass combinations, the plant diversity and its historical and area factors of "field islands" were studied. The results showed that: (1) A total of 494 field islands were investigated in 10 1 *1 km 2 landscape grids. The area is 68.3 m2, with a total area of 3.38 ha, accounting for 0.36% of the total area of the study area, while the richness accounts for 64% of the total landscape species. It is an important hotspot area and species pool to maintain the biodiversity of agricultural landscape in this area. (2) The native species of field Island vegetation are dominant, and each vegetation structure type has its own species. Protecting endangered plants; (3) The diversity of alpha, beta and gamma in different types of vegetation was significantly different, and the species richness decreased from 1 to 5, with beta diversity higher and gamma diversity lower in type 4 and 5; (4) Linear regression analysis showed that island history and area had significant effects on species richness in the sample plots. The study emphasized the importance of "field island" as a non-agricultural habitat for maintaining and restoring the biodiversity of intensive agricultural landscape. (5) The results of site and landscape factors affecting the habitat of field Island consisting of autogenous vegetation showed that, in the record Of the 28 environmental variables recorded, 15 significant variables participated in the establishment of the model. PCCA results showed that the effects of vegetation community structure factors and landscape factors were greater than those of site environment.
5. The study on the garden vegetation of rural residents along the urbanization gradient in Beijing shows that the species diversity and abundance patterns of the garden along the gradient reflect the different levels of demand in different areas. Rarefaction curves showed that ornamental species were an important factor leading to the diversity of garden P in different regions: the ranking also showed significant differences in species composition along the urban gradient, with the largest differences between suburban and remote rural areas, while suburban areas had a higher degree of similarity with both. In addition, species and garden area were positively correlated only in remote rural areas. High coverage and species density of edible plants indicate that rural gardeners have higher demand for edible functions than urban ones.
6. Quantitative study on the vertical distribution of garden vegetation and the composition of horizontal micro-environment of rural residents in Beijing was carried out. The influence of garden area, different villages and urban-rural gradients on the garden structure was analyzed. The average area was 189.2 Ma (37-746 m) 9; 17 land use types were investigated in all gardens, and the land use diversity of single gardens ranged from 3 to 14 with an average of 8.9; different urban and rural locations would affect the land use diversity at the gardens level, less suburban gardens, but also affect the area differences, and the larger household-level area supported more. Horizontal land use diversity, some types of distribution is relatively fixed; the coverage of each vegetation layer and tree number of 3M increase with the increase of garden area, urban and rural location will also affect the coverage of different vegetation layer and the proportion of the total area of residential gardens, 3M vegetation layer area, remote villages larger, 3M vegetation canopy coverage in the middle gradient The outer suburbs have the largest garden area.
7. Multivariate regression analysis was used to quantitatively predict the effects of garden environment, garden management and farmers'socio-economic characteristics on garden plant composition, plant diversity and garden function types. The results showed that: (1) garden area and family income, garden structure and garden management input time were the important factors affecting the landscape plant composition, plant diversity and garden function types. At the same time, the proportion of agriculture in the household economy has increased, the head of the household is older, the education level is lower, there are more elderly people in the household, and the richness of food species is higher; the head of the household is older, the education level is lower, there are more elderly people in the household, and there are more native species; the history of the garden is longer, and the managers of the garden have male participation to improve the shelter in the garden. The richness of other functional plants, such as shade, timber and so on, was promoted by female heads of households, and the richness of garden species, ornamental and herbal species was increased. (2) The distribution of garden type was significantly related to female heads of households; the farther away from the suburbs, the household heads were mainly engaged in agriculture, the greater the proportion of agricultural income to agriculture, the complex garden structure, and the more time spent on garden management. Garden planting has a long history and the main managers have male participation, which has a positive impact on the distribution of vegetable gardens; the distribution of forest gardens is mainly related to courtyard area and family income; the larger the courtyard area, the higher the family income, the higher the proportion of forest gardens distribution; the closer to the city, the head of household engages in non-agricultural occupation, the simpler the garden structure, the less the garden into the garden. Line management increases the probability of over-paved gardens; complex structure, long management time, long history of gardens, and male involvement of managers have a positive impact on the distribution of multi-functional complex.
8. Good management and protection of different types of habitats in agricultural landscape need to adopt reasonable measures in appropriate places, implement correct methods for ecological vegetation construction and management. Referring to relevant domestic research and practice cases, this paper puts forward management and protection suggestions and construction considerations for non-agricultural habitats and garden ecological vegetation in agricultural landscape, so as to make people pay attention to it. Rural habitats are more familiar and applied to design and practice.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TU986.58;S688
本文編號(hào)：2208108
[Abstract]:Garden and farmland border are the hot spots of biodiversity conservation in rural settlement landscape and agricultural production landscape respectively in agricultural/rural ecosystem. Reasonable management and protection of these habitat vegetation can effectively improve local biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. Species diversity, functional composition, site, landscape and management of non-agricultural habitats such as farmland boundaries, field islands, and garden vegetation of rural residents in the industrial landscape were studied. Meanwhile, approaches and suggestions for ecological vegetation construction and management were put forward, which could provide references for strengthening the management of rural/agricultural ecosystems and optimizing ecological services.
1. Taking the intensive agricultural landscape of North China Plain as the research area, the plant composition of 14 typical habitats was investigated by stratified random method. The results showed that: (1) At the sample plot level, the species richness of the vegetation zone in the riverside pit was the highest, followed by ditches, orchards, cotton fields, grain fields and herbaceous native materials in the four agricultural habitats such as vegetable fields. The proportion of species was less than 70%. The vegetable plot was only 30.5%. (2) At the habitat level, field cemetery (9-800m2) had the highest species richness (102 species), herbaceous species (85 species) and endemic species (6 species), woody species (13 species) were the most in the woodland, and other habitats had endemic species. (3) In all habitats, 161 species belonging to 41 families, 11 species were investigated. There are 117 wild species, 131 herbs, 58% native species, 74% weeds and 22.1% malignant weeds in 9 genera, of which 3 are endangered plants and 15 are invasive alien species. Degree clustering and ordination analysis showed that field cemetery vegetation was different from barren grassland, and had obvious near-natural characteristics. There were great differences between semi-natural habitats such as grain, cotton, fruit and vegetable production habitats, corridors and field islands. (4) Landscape scale study showed that from monoculture agricultural landscape, compound planting agricultural landscape to non-agricultural habitat mosaic heterogeneous landscape. There were significant differences in plant richness and composition among the five landscape types with different degrees. When the agricultural habitats were saturated, the growth of alien species and malignant weeds slowed down, while with the diversification of non-agricultural habitats, perennial weeds and woody plants gradually increased, especially the native species increased most significantly.
2. The composition of plant communities in 5 kinds of linear non-agricultural habitats including canals, production roads, field roads, grassland ridges and tree ridges in 506 typical agricultural landscapes were systematically investigated. Although many species are widely distributed, there are great differences in vegetation species richness, species functional composition, vegetation stratification and coverage between different types of farmland boundary. (3) Sample scale has the highest alpha diversity in canals, the lowest in ridges, beta diversity and coverage. (4) There were significant differences in community composition among different farmland boundary types, among which the similarity between production road and grass ridge was the largest, and the similarity between production road and tree ridge was the lowest.
3. A series of explanatory variables, such as vegetation composition and site and landscape scale, have been studied. The results show that: (1) plant diversity and composition at the farmland boundary are significantly affected by many factors at different site and landscape scales; (2) landscape characteristics and management factors, in addition to adjacent land use, vegetation structure, environmental impact factors of sample plots. (3) The species composition of functional groups in different farmland boundaries is different. The natural species, woody species and perennial herbaceous diversity are higher in river canals and field ridges, but the agricultural tolerant species are lower. The farmland boundaries with arbor and shrub layers have fewer agricultural tolerant species and annual herbaceous plants, and wider field roads. The richness was high, but the narrow production road and the grass ridge had more tolerant species and herbs in 12 years. (4) PCCA method was used to analyze the effects of five different variable groups. The results showed that besides land use factors, vegetation structure and site environment, the plant diversity and composition of farmland border were mainly affected by landscape factors. The impact is greater than management factors.
4. Based on the five vegetation structure types of arbor, shrub and grass combinations, the plant diversity and its historical and area factors of "field islands" were studied. The results showed that: (1) A total of 494 field islands were investigated in 10 1 *1 km 2 landscape grids. The area is 68.3 m2, with a total area of 3.38 ha, accounting for 0.36% of the total area of the study area, while the richness accounts for 64% of the total landscape species. It is an important hotspot area and species pool to maintain the biodiversity of agricultural landscape in this area. (2) The native species of field Island vegetation are dominant, and each vegetation structure type has its own species. Protecting endangered plants; (3) The diversity of alpha, beta and gamma in different types of vegetation was significantly different, and the species richness decreased from 1 to 5, with beta diversity higher and gamma diversity lower in type 4 and 5; (4) Linear regression analysis showed that island history and area had significant effects on species richness in the sample plots. The study emphasized the importance of "field island" as a non-agricultural habitat for maintaining and restoring the biodiversity of intensive agricultural landscape. (5) The results of site and landscape factors affecting the habitat of field Island consisting of autogenous vegetation showed that, in the record Of the 28 environmental variables recorded, 15 significant variables participated in the establishment of the model. PCCA results showed that the effects of vegetation community structure factors and landscape factors were greater than those of site environment.
5. The study on the garden vegetation of rural residents along the urbanization gradient in Beijing shows that the species diversity and abundance patterns of the garden along the gradient reflect the different levels of demand in different areas. Rarefaction curves showed that ornamental species were an important factor leading to the diversity of garden P in different regions: the ranking also showed significant differences in species composition along the urban gradient, with the largest differences between suburban and remote rural areas, while suburban areas had a higher degree of similarity with both. In addition, species and garden area were positively correlated only in remote rural areas. High coverage and species density of edible plants indicate that rural gardeners have higher demand for edible functions than urban ones.
6. Quantitative study on the vertical distribution of garden vegetation and the composition of horizontal micro-environment of rural residents in Beijing was carried out. The influence of garden area, different villages and urban-rural gradients on the garden structure was analyzed. The average area was 189.2 Ma (37-746 m) 9; 17 land use types were investigated in all gardens, and the land use diversity of single gardens ranged from 3 to 14 with an average of 8.9; different urban and rural locations would affect the land use diversity at the gardens level, less suburban gardens, but also affect the area differences, and the larger household-level area supported more. Horizontal land use diversity, some types of distribution is relatively fixed; the coverage of each vegetation layer and tree number of 3M increase with the increase of garden area, urban and rural location will also affect the coverage of different vegetation layer and the proportion of the total area of residential gardens, 3M vegetation layer area, remote villages larger, 3M vegetation canopy coverage in the middle gradient The outer suburbs have the largest garden area.
7. Multivariate regression analysis was used to quantitatively predict the effects of garden environment, garden management and farmers'socio-economic characteristics on garden plant composition, plant diversity and garden function types. The results showed that: (1) garden area and family income, garden structure and garden management input time were the important factors affecting the landscape plant composition, plant diversity and garden function types. At the same time, the proportion of agriculture in the household economy has increased, the head of the household is older, the education level is lower, there are more elderly people in the household, and the richness of food species is higher; the head of the household is older, the education level is lower, there are more elderly people in the household, and there are more native species; the history of the garden is longer, and the managers of the garden have male participation to improve the shelter in the garden. The richness of other functional plants, such as shade, timber and so on, was promoted by female heads of households, and the richness of garden species, ornamental and herbal species was increased. (2) The distribution of garden type was significantly related to female heads of households; the farther away from the suburbs, the household heads were mainly engaged in agriculture, the greater the proportion of agricultural income to agriculture, the complex garden structure, and the more time spent on garden management. Garden planting has a long history and the main managers have male participation, which has a positive impact on the distribution of vegetable gardens; the distribution of forest gardens is mainly related to courtyard area and family income; the larger the courtyard area, the higher the family income, the higher the proportion of forest gardens distribution; the closer to the city, the head of household engages in non-agricultural occupation, the simpler the garden structure, the less the garden into the garden. Line management increases the probability of over-paved gardens; complex structure, long management time, long history of gardens, and male involvement of managers have a positive impact on the distribution of multi-functional complex.
8. Good management and protection of different types of habitats in agricultural landscape need to adopt reasonable measures in appropriate places, implement correct methods for ecological vegetation construction and management. Referring to relevant domestic research and practice cases, this paper puts forward management and protection suggestions and construction considerations for non-agricultural habitats and garden ecological vegetation in agricultural landscape, so as to make people pay attention to it. Rural habitats are more familiar and applied to design and practice.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TU986.58;S688
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