北京城市貧困空間分布狀況及其特征研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-26 09:29
【摘要】：城市貧困現(xiàn)象由來已久,在中國,伴隨著經(jīng)濟體制市場化轉(zhuǎn)軌和社會結(jié)構工業(yè)化轉(zhuǎn)型,以及城市化進程的加速,陷入貧困狀況的居民數(shù)量不斷增加,許多城市出現(xiàn)了明顯的貧困階層聚居趨勢,形成“城市貧困空間”。在此背景下,本文選取北京作為研究對象,從宏觀上對北京城市貧困空間的歷史演變、現(xiàn)狀分布與時空演變特征進行全面分析,并結(jié)合典型區(qū)域的實地問卷和訪談調(diào)研深入了解北京城市貧困空間的微觀特征,然后在此基礎上探討北京城市貧困空間的形成機制、影響及其治理對策。本研究的主要結(jié)論包括以下三個方面： (一)從北京城市貧困空間的歷史演變規(guī)律可以發(fā)現(xiàn),不同時期影響北京城市貧困空間分布的主導因子存在較大差異。明、清時期的北京城市空間分化以身份為基礎,同時受到制度與宗教的制約；近代北京城市在半殖民地化的社會過程中,出現(xiàn)了商業(yè)化、世俗化的社會機制,經(jīng)濟地位則成為空間分化過程的主導因子；現(xiàn)代北京城市貧困空間分布受政策、經(jīng)濟體制、城市化進程等多種因子相互交叉作用,由計劃經(jīng)濟時期的均衡發(fā)展態(tài)勢逐步演化為以市場為導向的空間貧富分異。 (二)改革開放后,尤其是90年代以來,北京城市貧困空間存在“剝奪式”重構現(xiàn)象,即城市貧困空間分布呈現(xiàn)由內(nèi)城向近郊區(qū),進一步向遠郊區(qū)縣發(fā)展的動態(tài)化趨勢。隨著土地、住房的價格導向,許多存在于二環(huán)、三環(huán)以內(nèi)以本地貧困人口為主的聚居空間已經(jīng)逐漸走向消亡：另一方面,以流動人口為主的城區(qū)邊緣貧困空間也開始從原來的三環(huán)、四環(huán)逐步走向四環(huán)、五環(huán)、六環(huán)及以外區(qū)域。在北京城市貧困空間“剝奪式”重構過程中,貧困階層在失去優(yōu)質(zhì)區(qū)位的同時,意味著工作機會、醫(yī)療服務、子女教育和公共交通等市民權利被部分剝奪與侵占,有可能導致貧困家庭的交通、就業(yè)與生活成本增加,向上流動機會減少。(三)城市貧困空問的形成和存在具有規(guī)律性和客觀性,它是城市空間不均衡發(fā)展的結(jié)果,與城市化進程密切相關。城市貧困空間的治理應從城市貧困人口本身出發(fā),而當前的城市政策多只針對貧困空間本身進行拆遷改造或環(huán)境美化,缺乏以減少貧困人口為目標的保障政策,因而達到的效果往往只是城市貧困在空間上的“轉(zhuǎn)移”。
[Abstract]:The phenomenon of urban poverty has a long history. In China, with the marketization of economic system, the transformation of social structure industrialization, and the acceleration of urbanization, the number of residents falling into poverty is increasing. Many cities have appeared the obvious poor class concentration tendency, forms "the urban poverty space". Under this background, this article selects Beijing as the research object, from the macroscopic aspect carries on the comprehensive analysis to the historical evolution, the present situation distribution and the space-time evolution characteristic of the Beijing urban poverty space. Based on the field questionnaire and interview investigation in typical areas, the micro characteristics of urban poverty space in Beijing are deeply understood, and then the formation mechanism, influence and management countermeasures of urban poverty space in Beijing are discussed. The main conclusions of this study include the following three aspects: (1) from the historical evolution of urban poverty space in Beijing, it can be found that the dominant factors affecting the spatial distribution of urban poverty in Beijing are different in different periods. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the differentiation of Beijing's urban space was based on identity, which was restricted by the system and religion. In the process of semi-colonial society, modern Beijing city appeared the social mechanism of commercialization and secularization. Economic status has become the dominant factor in the process of spatial differentiation, and the spatial distribution of urban poverty in modern Beijing is interacted by various factors, such as policies, economic systems, and the process of urbanization. From the balanced development of planned economy period to the market-oriented spatial differentiation between the rich and the poor. (2) after the reform and opening up, especially since the 1990s, there exists the phenomenon of "deprivation" reconstruction in the urban poverty space in Beijing, that is, the spatial distribution of urban poverty shows a dynamic trend from the inner city to the suburbs, and further to the counties in the suburbs. With the price orientation of land and housing, many of them exist in the second Ring Road. The living space in the third Ring Road, dominated by the local poor, has gradually disappeared: on the other hand, The poverty space on the edge of the urban area, which is dominated by the floating population, has also begun to move from the original three rings, four rings to four rings, five rings, six rings and outside areas. In the process of "deprivation" reconstruction of urban poverty space in Beijing, the poor class, while losing the high-quality location, means that the rights of citizens, such as job opportunities, medical services, children's education and public transportation, are partly deprived and encroached upon. This could lead to increased transport, employment and living costs for poor households, and reduced upward mobility. (3) the formation and existence of urban poverty space is regular and objective. It is the result of the unbalanced development of urban space and is closely related to the process of urbanization. The governance of urban poverty space should be based on the urban poor population itself. However, most of the current urban policies only aim at the demolition and transformation of the poor space itself or the beautification of the environment, and there is no guarantee policy aimed at reducing the number of people living in poverty. As a result, the effect is often only the spatial transfer of urban poverty.
【學位授予單位】：中國城市規(guī)劃設計研究院
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU984.113;F299.27
本文編號：2204443
[Abstract]:The phenomenon of urban poverty has a long history. In China, with the marketization of economic system, the transformation of social structure industrialization, and the acceleration of urbanization, the number of residents falling into poverty is increasing. Many cities have appeared the obvious poor class concentration tendency, forms "the urban poverty space". Under this background, this article selects Beijing as the research object, from the macroscopic aspect carries on the comprehensive analysis to the historical evolution, the present situation distribution and the space-time evolution characteristic of the Beijing urban poverty space. Based on the field questionnaire and interview investigation in typical areas, the micro characteristics of urban poverty space in Beijing are deeply understood, and then the formation mechanism, influence and management countermeasures of urban poverty space in Beijing are discussed. The main conclusions of this study include the following three aspects: (1) from the historical evolution of urban poverty space in Beijing, it can be found that the dominant factors affecting the spatial distribution of urban poverty in Beijing are different in different periods. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the differentiation of Beijing's urban space was based on identity, which was restricted by the system and religion. In the process of semi-colonial society, modern Beijing city appeared the social mechanism of commercialization and secularization. Economic status has become the dominant factor in the process of spatial differentiation, and the spatial distribution of urban poverty in modern Beijing is interacted by various factors, such as policies, economic systems, and the process of urbanization. From the balanced development of planned economy period to the market-oriented spatial differentiation between the rich and the poor. (2) after the reform and opening up, especially since the 1990s, there exists the phenomenon of "deprivation" reconstruction in the urban poverty space in Beijing, that is, the spatial distribution of urban poverty shows a dynamic trend from the inner city to the suburbs, and further to the counties in the suburbs. With the price orientation of land and housing, many of them exist in the second Ring Road. The living space in the third Ring Road, dominated by the local poor, has gradually disappeared: on the other hand, The poverty space on the edge of the urban area, which is dominated by the floating population, has also begun to move from the original three rings, four rings to four rings, five rings, six rings and outside areas. In the process of "deprivation" reconstruction of urban poverty space in Beijing, the poor class, while losing the high-quality location, means that the rights of citizens, such as job opportunities, medical services, children's education and public transportation, are partly deprived and encroached upon. This could lead to increased transport, employment and living costs for poor households, and reduced upward mobility. (3) the formation and existence of urban poverty space is regular and objective. It is the result of the unbalanced development of urban space and is closely related to the process of urbanization. The governance of urban poverty space should be based on the urban poor population itself. However, most of the current urban policies only aim at the demolition and transformation of the poor space itself or the beautification of the environment, and there is no guarantee policy aimed at reducing the number of people living in poverty. As a result, the effect is often only the spatial transfer of urban poverty.
【學位授予單位】：中國城市規(guī)劃設計研究院
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU984.113;F299.27
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