本文選題：湖湘園林 + 湖湘文化　； 參考：《中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：通過(guò)對(duì)大量文獻(xiàn)史料、考古實(shí)證及民間傳說(shuō)的梳理,結(jié)合實(shí)地調(diào)研,對(duì)湖湘園林的歷史發(fā)展脈絡(luò)進(jìn)行剖析,力求系統(tǒng)地、全面地揭示湖湘園林從起源到發(fā)展各歷史時(shí)期的本來(lái)面目,總結(jié)湖湘園林發(fā)展的規(guī)律及其特點(diǎn)。希望本文的研究成果對(duì)湖湘園林的進(jìn)一步深入研究起到拋磚引玉的作用。本文的主要研究成果有以下幾點(diǎn)： (1)湖湘園林起源于迄今6500余年前的原始社會(huì)晚期。澧縣城頭山“中國(guó)第一城”考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的祭壇、稻種、墓葬等遺跡,證明湖湘園林起源于原始的宗教信仰、圖騰崇拜等祭祀活動(dòng)及其附屬設(shè)施。 (2)對(duì)湖湘園林發(fā)展各歷史時(shí)期進(jìn)行了分析,總結(jié)出湖湘園林的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了以下七個(gè)階段： ①秦統(tǒng)一以前,為湖湘園林的起源萌動(dòng)期。湖湘園林起源于迄今6500余年前的原始社會(huì)晚期,城頭山遺址的城門(mén)、護(hù)城河、祭壇、墓葬、稻田等遺跡齊全,具備了園林的基本要件。 ②秦漢三國(guó)兩晉南北朝時(shí)期,為湖湘園林的初始發(fā)展期。該時(shí)期,王室園林、陵園園林、衙署園林形成基本格局,塔、廟、宮、觀等園林建筑悄然興起。 ③隋唐五代時(shí)期,為湖湘園林的高速發(fā)展期。宗教園林、貶官園林及馬楚時(shí)期興建的王室園林,達(dá)到歷史最高的水平。 ④宋元時(shí)期,為湖湘園林的平穩(wěn)過(guò)渡期。書(shū)院園林興起,在全國(guó)占有重要地位。瀟湘八景的出現(xiàn),豐富了湖湘園林的文化內(nèi)涵。元代實(shí)行土司制度,促進(jìn)了少數(shù)民族聚居區(qū)園林文化的發(fā)展。 ⑤明清時(shí)期,為湖湘園林的發(fā)展成熟期。宗教園林、私家園林、衙署園林、王室園林、會(huì)館園林等進(jìn)入了快速發(fā)展的階段。此時(shí)的湖湘園林,數(shù)量多、門(mén)類(lèi)全、品位高,是進(jìn)入成熟發(fā)展期的主要標(biāo)志。 ⑥近現(xiàn)代(1840-1949),為湖湘園林的中外融合期。中西園林藝術(shù)的融合交流,對(duì)湖湘園林的發(fā)展起到了積極的作用。 ⑦中華人民共和國(guó)成立至今,為湖湘園林的全面發(fā)展期。城市公園、森林公園、地質(zhì)公園、濕地公園等公共園林的相繼興起,各類(lèi)型園林全面發(fā)展。 (3)通過(guò)對(duì)湖湘園林歷史發(fā)展脈絡(luò)的梳理,總結(jié)歸納出以下主要園林類(lèi)型及特點(diǎn)： ①祭祀園林：起源早,生命力強(qiáng),園林布局大多中軸對(duì)稱(chēng),較大規(guī)模的建有亭臺(tái)樓閣。 ②王室園林：擇地于權(quán)力中心,集王宮、園苑為一體,樓閣殿堂、廊榭亭臺(tái)與自然山水景觀互為襯托。 ③陵園園林：大多選址風(fēng)水寶地,園林布局規(guī)整,廣植樹(shù)木,隱蔽性強(qiáng)。 ④衙署園林：一般設(shè)在所轄中心區(qū)域,園林空間布局以前衙門(mén)后庭苑為主,園林綠化程度較高,古樹(shù)名木也很常見(jiàn)。 ⑤湘西園林：以湖湘西部少數(shù)民族聚居地所營(yíng)建的園林為主。依山面水、因地制宜、就地取材是其主要特征。 ⑥寺觀園林：多擇名山勝地,強(qiáng)調(diào)中軸對(duì)稱(chēng),主次分明,古樹(shù)名木多有栽植。 ⑦私家園林：造園手法靈活多樣,占地面積大小不等,亭臺(tái)樓閣、山水植物等園林要素依園主的意愿營(yíng)建。 ⑧莊園園林：常建于城郊,規(guī)模宏大,園林布局以田園式風(fēng)格為主,常鑿池、建亭廊等。 ⑨貶官園林：多在貶官活動(dòng)區(qū)域內(nèi)選址營(yíng)造,以祠、廟、閣、樓等園林建筑形式為主,園林文化內(nèi)涵豐富。 ⑩書(shū)院園林：一般在環(huán)境清靜、自然景觀秀美的地方修建。園林布局以講堂為中心展開(kāi),中軸對(duì)稱(chēng),多重院落組合。天井、連廊及四周常設(shè)有園林小品。 ⑩會(huì)館園林：是集聚會(huì)、商談、食宿、娛樂(lè)等功能于一身的綜合性園林。大院高墻,門(mén)樓宏偉,園林建筑裝飾精美。選址多在繁華商業(yè)重鎮(zhèn)交通便利之處。 ⑩公共園林：功能齊全,形式多樣,具有公共游覽性,兼收傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代不同的造園風(fēng)格和造園理念。 (4)本文嘗試性地提出了“貶官園林”這一概念,即指被流放、貶謫、罷黜的官員,親身設(shè)計(jì)并營(yíng)造,以及后人營(yíng)造的,與流貶官員關(guān)系密切的文化氛圍厚重的各類(lèi)型園林。
[Abstract]:This paper analyzes the historical development of Huxiang Garden by combing the historical materials of literature , archaeological demonstration and folk legends , and makes a systematic and comprehensive exposition of the historical development of Huxiang Garden from the origin to the historical period of development and summarizes the law and characteristics of the development of Huxiang Garden .

( 1 ) Huxiang Garden originated from the primitive society in the late period of more than 6,500 years ago . It is proved that Huxiang Garden originated from primitive religious belief , tutemism and other sacrifice activities and its ancillary facilities .

( 2 ) The historical period of the development of Huxiang garden is analyzed , and the following seven stages are summarized :

Before the Qin unification , it was the origin of the gardens of Huxiang . Huxiang garden originated from the late primitive society of more than 65 years ago , the city gate of Chengtou Mountain site , the guard city river , the altar , the tomb , the rice field and so on are complete , have the basic elements of the garden .

( 2 ) During the period of the two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Qin and Han Dynasties , it was the initial development period of the gardens of Huxiang . During the period , the gardens of the royal family , the garden of the garden , and the garden of the Yaound formed the basic pattern , the tower , the temple , the palace , the view and other garden buildings emerged quietly .

The fifth generation period of Sui and Tang Dynasties was the high - speed development period of Huxiang gardens . The religious gardens , detractors and the royal gardens built during the period of Ma Chu reached the highest level of history .

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties , it was the smooth transition period of the gardens of Huxiang . The rise of the academy garden was an important position in the whole country . The appearance of the eight scenery in the Yuan Dynasty enriched the cultural connotation of the garden of Huxiang . The division system was adopted in the Yuan Dynasty , which promoted the development of the garden culture in the inhabited area of ethnic minorities .

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties , it was the stage of rapid development for the development and maturity of Huxiang Garden . The garden of religion , private garden , Yaya garden , royal garden and exhibition hall garden entered the stage of rapid development .

( 6 ) Modern ( 1840 - 1949 ) , which has played an active role in the development of Huxiang Garden .

Since the founding of the People ' s Republic of China , the People ' s Republic of China has developed a comprehensive development period for the gardens of Huxiang . The city park , the forest park , the geological park , the wetland park and other public gardens have emerged successively , and each type of garden is fully developed .

( 3 ) By combing the historical development of Huxiang Garden , the following main garden types and characteristics are summarized :

( 1 ) sacrificial gardens : the origin is early , the vitality is strong , the landscape layout is mostly axisymmetric , and a pavilion is built on the larger scale .

( 2 ) The royal garden : the power center , the collection palace , the park is a whole , the building hall , the porch pavilion and the natural landscape of the landscape are mutually supportive .

( 3 ) Garden of Lingyuan : Most of the site is located at the site of wind and water , the layout of the garden is regular , the tree is planted , and the concealment is strong .

( 4 ) Yaya Garden : Generally based in the central area under the jurisdiction , the garden space layout is dominated by Yamen ' s back court garden , and the garden greening degree is higher , and the ancient tree name wood is also very common .

( 5 ) Xiangxi Garden : The main characteristics of Xiangxi garden : the garden which is built by the minority communities in the west of Huxiang . According to the water of the mountains , the local conditions are suitable , and the material is the main characteristic .

( 6 ) temple garden : an optional famous mountain resort , which emphasizes the symmetry of the middle axis , the main time is divided , and the ancient tree is planted with more trees .

( 7 ) Private gardens : the gardening technique is flexible and diverse , and the land area is large and small , and the garden elements such as the pavilion pavilion and the mountain water plant are constructed according to the wishes of the garden .

( 8 ) estate garden : often built in the suburbs of the city , large - scale , garden layout dominated by field style style , often gouged pond , Jianting corridor and so on .

( 9 ) The connotation of garden culture is rich in the construction of the park buildings , such as Ancestral Hall , Temple , Pavilion , Building , etc .

The garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences : It is usually constructed in the areas where the environment is quiet and the natural landscape is beautiful . The garden layout is unfolded in the center of the lecture hall , the middle axis is symmetrical , and the multi - compound courtyard is combined . The courtyard , the corridor and the surrounding permanent garden small products .

The garden of the exhibition hall is a comprehensive garden with functions of gathering , negotiation , lodging , entertainment and the like . The large courtyard is high wall , the gate building is magnificent , and the garden building is decorated beautifully . The site is located at the location of the traffic convenience of the busy commercial heavy town .

The public gardens : full of functions , diverse forms , public tours , traditional and modern garden styles and garden ideas .

( 4 ) This article tries to put forward the concept of " detractors garden " , that is , the officials who are exiled , degating , dethroned , designed and built , as well as the types of gardens which are created by the latter , which are closely related to the officials .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TU-098.4

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本文編號(hào)：1829711