本文關鍵詞：高層建筑人群垂直疏散特性與疏散策略計算機仿真研究　出處：《中國科學技術大學》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 垂直疏散 人員匯流行為 計算機仿真 元胞自動機 電梯-樓梯耦合疏散 恐慌心理 超越行為

【摘要】：隨著城市化進程加快,高層建筑在世界各地不斷涌現(xiàn)。它們在給人們帶來生活便利的同時,也給公共安全帶來了巨大的隱患。高層建筑一旦發(fā)生火災或者遭受恐怖襲擊,事態(tài)發(fā)展迅速,人員疏散較困難,如果疏散策略不合理,方法不得當,非常容易造成許多額外的生命財產(chǎn)損失。近些年來,各類建筑(如地鐵、商場等)的疏散都得到了廣泛地研究,相應的一些研究方法,比如疏散演練、行人流通調(diào)查、實驗研究及疏散建模等都已被用于研究各類建筑的疏散。同時許多研究成果也在現(xiàn)實疏散中獲得了一定應用。 眾所周知,對于各類建筑的疏散,樓梯目前仍是最為傳統(tǒng)且唯一倡導的疏散及逃生方式,但是隨著現(xiàn)代建筑物規(guī)模的不斷擴大,建筑結(jié)構的多樣化以及建筑物高度的不斷提升,樓梯疏散碰到了無法克服的客觀弊端,如：疏散時間長、安全性較差等,而且也不利于老弱病殘幼的疏散。如果只用樓梯疏散,相當一部分人員都會因時間來不及而被困在樓上。而其他傳統(tǒng)的垂直疏散工具,如云梯、避難扶梯、緩降機、避難袋等,它們也都只能滿足少數(shù)人的逃生需要,且其具體應用還受到多方面制約,無法適用于大規(guī)模人員疏散,特別是高層建筑內(nèi)人員的逃生。如何使建筑內(nèi)所有人員安全、高效地疏散到安全區(qū)域,是一個越來越受各界關注和重視的問題。電梯疏散具有疏散路程短、運送時間少、體能損耗低等優(yōu)點,對于高層建筑人員的疏散具有重大意義。且隨著目前電梯的可靠性與智能化不斷提高,承擔日常垂直交通任務的電梯勢必會成為一種有效的垂直疏散途徑。如何充分利用電梯的輔助作用,提高高層建筑的疏散效率是一個值得深入研究的問題。 本文主要針對建筑物內(nèi)樓梯匯流平臺特性、梯形結(jié)構、人員屬性、疏散優(yōu)先順序等影響整體疏散時間的因素和樓梯-電梯耦合疏散策略進行研究,旨在通過對建筑人員緊急疏散時出現(xiàn)的人員匯流現(xiàn)象、疏散時間和行人流流動特性等進行分析,為建筑的結(jié)構設計和緊急疏散時的人員應急管理提供一定的指導與支持。 本文主要運用計算機仿真(如Pathfinder仿真模擬、MATLAB算法開發(fā)、數(shù)據(jù)可視化、數(shù)據(jù)分析以及數(shù)值計算編程等)研究了高層建筑人群疏散過程中在樓梯平臺的匯流情況,探討了電梯-樓梯耦合的疏散特性。論文的主要工作包括以下幾個方面：(1)研究了樓梯疏散的匯流特性,通過調(diào)整進入?yún)R流平臺的門的位置,尋找各種疏散要求下有利的匯流方式,并進一步研究樓梯結(jié)構對疏散的影響,通過雙分樓梯與雙跑樓梯的疏散仿真對比,研究兩種梯形的疏散特點及障礙物對兩種梯形疏散的影響程度；(2)研究了電梯-樓梯耦合疏散的特性,尋求電梯與樓梯耦合疏散的最佳方式。同時,通過設置人員屬性,研究人員特性對耦合疏散的影響規(guī)律�？紤]到目前大部分文獻采用的疏散順序都是從上到下,本文還進一步研究討論了從上到下與從下到上兩種不同疏散順序疏散方式各自的利弊情況；(3)通過數(shù)學建模,建立了垂直疏散的數(shù)學模型�；诖藬�(shù)學模型,研究保持疏散通道通暢情況下的樓梯疏散策略與方法,并進一步研究電梯-樓梯耦合情況的最優(yōu)疏散策略；(4)基于元胞自動機模型研究了樓梯及電梯-樓梯耦合情況下的疏散,并討論恐慌心理及超越行為對整體疏散的影響。
[Abstract]:With the city urbanization, high-rise buildings have sprung up in the world. They bring convenience to people at the same time, but also to the public safety is a huge risk. Once high-rise buildings are on fire or terrorist attacks, rapid developments, evacuation is difficult, if not reasonable evacuation strategies, methods are not suitable and very easy to cause a lot of extra loss of life and property. In recent years, all kinds of buildings (such as subway, shopping malls etc.) the evacuation has been widely studied, some relevant research methods, such as evacuation drills, pedestrian circulation investigation, experimental research and modeling have been used to evacuate evacuation of all types of building. At the same time, many research results in reality the evacuation gained application.
As everyone knows, for the evacuation of all kinds of buildings, the stairs is still the most traditional and only advocate the evacuation and escape, but with the continuous expansion of the scale of modern building structures, diversification and the increasing building height, evacuation staircase met objectively unable to overcome drawbacks, such as: the evacuation time is long, poor security, but also not conducive to young Laoruobingcan evacuation. If only use staircase for evacuation, a considerable number of people will because of the time too late and trapped upstairs. And other traditional vertical evacuation tools, such as ladders, evacuation staircase, slow down the machine, take refuge bags, they also can meet the needs of a few people escape and, the specific application is still subject to many constraints, not suitable for large-scale evacuation, especially in high-rise buildings to escape. How to make all personnel in the building safe, efficient evacuation To a safe area, is a growing concern and attention. The elevator evacuation with the evacuation of short distance transport, less time, energy loss etc., has great significance for the personnel evacuation in high-rise buildings. And with the reliability and intelligence of lift increasing, elevator vertical traffic is bound to bear the daily tasks will as an effective way to make full use of vertical evacuation. Assist lift, improve the evacuation efficiency of high-rise building is a problem worthy of further study.
This paper mainly aims at building stairs bus platform features, ladder structure, personnel evacuation priority attribute, factors affecting the overall evacuation time and evacuation stair lift coupling strategy research, aimed at the construction of emergency evacuation when the personnel confluence phenomenon, analysis of evacuation time and pedestrian flow characteristics, and provide guidance support for the structural design of the building of emergency management and emergency evacuation of personnel.
This paper mainly uses computer simulation (such as Pathfinder simulation, MATLAB algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis and numerical calculation programming) bus landing on the condition of high-rise building evacuation process, discusses the dispersion characteristics of the elevator - stairs coupled sparse. The main work of this paper includes the following aspects: (1) study on the confluence characteristics of evacuation staircase, by adjusting the position of the door into the bus platform, looking for a variety of bus under favorable evacuation requirements, and further research on the influence of evacuation staircase structure, comparing two evacuation stairs and double run stair, influence degree of evacuation characteristics and obstacles of two on the ladder two kinds of trapezoid evacuation; (2) characteristics of the elevator - stairs evacuation coupling, seeking the best way to evacuate the coupling of elevator and stairs. At the same time, through the arrangement of people The researchers, characteristics of the influence of coupling evacuation. Considering the evacuation order at present most literatures are used from top to bottom, this paper further discussed from top to bottom and from the bottom to the top two different evacuation order evacuation style of their pros and cons; (3) was established through mathematical model. The mathematical model of vertical evacuation. Based on this mathematical model, the research to maintain evacuation channel unobstructed situation staircase evacuation strategies and methods, and further study the optimal elevator - stairs coupling evacuation strategy; (4) based on cellular automaton model of staircases and elevator - stairs coupling case, and discuss the panic and act beyond the impact on overall evacuation.

【學位授予單位】：中國科學技術大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU972.4

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