【摘要】：大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國家都面臨這樣的問題：龐大的低收入人群、落后的金融業(yè)、單一的資金來源,以及少量的金融機(jī)構(gòu),小額信貸創(chuàng)新是解決上述問題的最好辦法之一。隨著小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)量的持續(xù)增加,包括小額信貸從業(yè)者、政府部門、研究機(jī)構(gòu)和慈善機(jī)構(gòu)在內(nèi)的社會各界也把目光更多地投向小額信貸的可持續(xù)發(fā)展這一領(lǐng)域。同時,小額信貸危機(jī)、高利貸現(xiàn)象、強(qiáng)制貸款回收、目標(biāo)偏差、商業(yè)化等問題也引起了人們對小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的不少質(zhì)疑。因此,對那些旨在扶貧的小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展進(jìn)行深入研究是十分必要的。 尼泊爾是一個發(fā)展中國家,有82%的人口生活在農(nóng)村地區(qū),25%的人生活在貧困線以下,只有20%的人向正規(guī)銀行和金融機(jī)構(gòu)貸款。在此背景下,小額信貸成為向農(nóng)村地區(qū)貧困家庭提供金融服務(wù),以改善其經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的一種重要方式。蓬勃發(fā)展的小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)和數(shù)量眾多的貧困人口,使得尼泊爾成為一個理想的研究對象。 尼泊爾的傳統(tǒng)小額信貸的歷史極為悠久,而現(xiàn)代小額信貸起步較晚,1975年,尼泊爾農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展銀行推行了小農(nóng)戶發(fā)展計(jì)劃,該計(jì)劃在一定程度上具有現(xiàn)代小額信貸的特征。尼泊爾的第一家現(xiàn)代小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)成立于1992年,由政府創(chuàng)辦,下設(shè)五個區(qū)域開發(fā)銀行,采用孟加拉國的“鄉(xiāng)村銀行小額信貸模式”。20世紀(jì)90年代中期,非政府組織和私人也開始成立小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)。 二十多年來,尼泊爾的小額信貸行業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,并在農(nóng)村金融領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮了顯著作用。本文從金融可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度對尼泊爾的小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)加以研究,分析了不同類型的小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的經(jīng)營狀況,包括政府創(chuàng)辦的小額信貸發(fā)展銀行,私人創(chuàng)辦的小額信貸發(fā)展銀行,非政府組織的金融中介,儲蓄和信貸合作社。本文根據(jù)所有制結(jié)構(gòu),經(jīng)營期限和規(guī)模等指標(biāo),從這四種類型中選取了20家小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu),采納2005年至2011年的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析。 分析結(jié)果表明,由于具備充足的資產(chǎn)和大量的會員,私人創(chuàng)辦的小額信貸發(fā)展銀行和非政府組織的金融中介的整體財(cái)務(wù)表現(xiàn)較為理想；有著較少資產(chǎn)和成員的儲蓄和信貸合作社的表現(xiàn)差強(qiáng)人意；而同樣有著充足資產(chǎn)和大量會員的政府創(chuàng)辦的小額信貸發(fā)展銀行卻表現(xiàn)得不盡理想。盡管對儲蓄和信貸合作社來說,向公眾吸收存款并無多大用處,但是尼泊爾的小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)卻都可以開展此項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù),事實(shí)上,很多小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)對公眾存款有著高度的依賴性。 值得注意的是,小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的存款人數(shù)及借款人數(shù)相差甚遠(yuǎn),只有有限的人積極參與借貸活動。除了儲蓄和信貸合作社以外,其他小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)都以女性為目標(biāo)人群。無論是政府創(chuàng)辦的還是私人創(chuàng)辦的信貸機(jī)構(gòu),都在經(jīng)營區(qū)域和業(yè)務(wù)范圍上擴(kuò)大著自己的影響力。 私人創(chuàng)辦的小額信貸發(fā)展銀行和非政府組織的金融中介有著較高的資本收益率和每股收益,它們的收入水平也高于其他兩者。政府創(chuàng)辦的小額信貸發(fā)展銀行的資本收益率和凈資產(chǎn)收益率均為負(fù)數(shù),因此,亟需相應(yīng)的體制改革,政府作為政府創(chuàng)辦的小額信貸發(fā)展銀行的創(chuàng)辦者,應(yīng)當(dāng)實(shí)行私有化改革,向私人投資者出售股份。希望私有化與結(jié)構(gòu)整合可以為其注入新的活力,幫助其奪回市場份額。最近,尼泊爾國家銀行(尼泊爾央行)開始鼓勵銀行和金融機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)整合,毫無疑問,這一舉措將給小額信貸行業(yè)帶來深遠(yuǎn)影響。 解決農(nóng)村融資缺口和消除貧困是所有發(fā)展中國家所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。中國政府把農(nóng)村發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)放在了“三農(nóng)問題”上,為了減少農(nóng)村地區(qū)融資缺口、增加金融普惠性,政府把建立新型金融機(jī)構(gòu)和小額貸款公司作為一項(xiàng)重要工作常抓不懈。中國的基本國情與其他發(fā)展中國家有著很大不同,在社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中發(fā)展小額信貸是一件前無古人的嘗試。在中國,提供小額信貸服務(wù)的除扶貧項(xiàng)目和商業(yè)銀行外,還有五類大型金融機(jī)構(gòu),即：民間小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)、小額貸款公司、村鎮(zhèn)銀行、農(nóng)村資金互助社和農(nóng)村信用合作社。由于民間小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)缺乏相應(yīng)的法律地位,而私人投資和外資不允許進(jìn)入小額信貸行業(yè)。從理論上講,發(fā)展中國家的利率管制阻礙并限制了金融業(yè)的發(fā)展。中國限定小額信貸的利率上限為基準(zhǔn)利率的四倍。平心而論,小額信貸的初衷是提升低收入和中等收入人群的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位,故其利率不應(yīng)比商業(yè)性信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的利率高出太多。因此,中國對小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)定貸款利率上限是合理的,但不應(yīng)該對存款利率加以管制。 “三農(nóng)問題”的提出和解決,為像尼泊爾一樣的發(fā)展中國家處理農(nóng)村發(fā)展問題提供了寶貴經(jīng)驗(yàn)。中國建立了新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)并為農(nóng)民提供更多的金融服務(wù),推動農(nóng)村信用社和小額信貸健康發(fā)展,加強(qiáng)小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)與企業(yè)間的聯(lián)系,實(shí)行利率上限制度以防止高利貸的產(chǎn)生等,這些都值得學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒。另外,聯(lián)保貸款,按揭貸款創(chuàng)新(林地使用權(quán)和牲畜也可做抵押品)以及第三方參與(公司和企業(yè))貸款等方式,也可供其他國家參考。 尼泊爾的小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該更加注重產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和創(chuàng)新,加強(qiáng)與農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的合作,引進(jìn)新技術(shù)(電匯,手機(jī)銀行),減少對政府的依賴,建立對員工的獎勵制度以實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。更為重要的是,小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該及時改正其目標(biāo)偏差,實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)籌兼顧,既要保證其盈利,又要實(shí)現(xiàn)其建立的初衷(向低收入家庭提供金融服務(wù))。 理論研究從實(shí)踐中來,還要回到實(shí)踐中去。對于極度貧困的家庭而言,“貧困家庭+扶貧計(jì)劃／發(fā)展項(xiàng)目+團(tuán)體貸款”的方式較為適用。因?yàn)檫@些家庭需要政府或慈善機(jī)構(gòu)的特殊補(bǔ)貼,以滿足其消費(fèi)和投資需要,集團(tuán)貸款的方式可能會最大限度地降低信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 對于中低收入水平的家庭來說,可以采用“中低收入家庭+第三方參與+團(tuán)體／個人貸款”的方式,小額信貸即儲蓄和信貸合作社、非政府組織的金融中介和小額信貸發(fā)展銀行是較為理想的選擇。其中,儲蓄和信貸合作社尤其適用于偏遠(yuǎn)且人口分散的地區(qū),因?yàn)檫@種地區(qū)難以召開經(jīng)常性的會議(即采用“鄉(xiāng)村銀行團(tuán)體貸款模式”)。 對于中等收入水平的家庭和微型企業(yè)而言,“家庭／企業(yè)家+公司+銀行+個人貸款”的方式比較可行。小額信貸發(fā)展銀行和商業(yè)銀行更適合于參與此類業(yè)務(wù)。 本文由七章組成,第一章闡述了所研究的問題,課題意義和目標(biāo),論文研究辦法和創(chuàng)新之處。第二章是理論綜述,主要介紹發(fā)展中國家的金融發(fā)展理論,尤其是金融深化論和金融抑制論。同時詳細(xì)描述世界農(nóng)村金融和小額信貸部門的新問題,主要借鑒了不同的學(xué)者的多種觀點(diǎn)。第三章描述了尼泊爾經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的主要問題。同時追溯金融體系的歷史,回顧尼泊爾扶貧政策和當(dāng)前情況。第四章主要講述尼泊爾的小額信貸的發(fā)展歷史,以及小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)狀。第五章分析了尼泊爾四個不同種類小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的經(jīng)營狀況,從小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)選取20多個小額信貸的數(shù)據(jù)樣本,分析金融結(jié)構(gòu),營業(yè)實(shí)績,收益,費(fèi)用支出,業(yè)績效率與收益率和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理等七個方面。第六章分析中國小額信貸的發(fā)展和實(shí)踐和小額信貸發(fā)展過程,小額信貸體系的主要特征。第七章闡述了尼泊爾小額信貸體系的法律和政治結(jié)構(gòu)。作者精密地分析了尼泊爾目前的小額信貸法律和政治結(jié)構(gòu),并提出了一些政策建議,希望能解決尼泊爾小額信貸存在的一些根本問題,實(shí)現(xiàn)尼泊爾小額信貸的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。最后一章總結(jié)全文。通過分析尼泊爾的小額信貸體系和借鑒中國小額信貸體系的發(fā)展與實(shí)踐,作者為尼泊爾小額信貸未來發(fā)展提出了建議。
[Abstract]:Most developing countries face such problems as large low-income groups, backward financial industries, a single source of funding, and a small number of financial institutions. Microfinance innovation is one of the best ways to solve these problems. At the same time, the micro-credit crisis, usury, compulsory loan recovery, deviation of objectives, commercialization and other issues have aroused many doubts about the micro-credit institutions. Therefore, the micro-credit letters aimed at poverty alleviation have been put into the field of sustainable development. It is very necessary to conduct in-depth research on the sustainable development of credit institutions.
Nepal is a developing country with 82% of the population living in rural areas, 25% living below the poverty line and only 20% lending to formal banks and financial institutions. Microfinance institutions and a large number of poor people make Nepal an ideal research object.
Nepal's traditional microfinance has a long history, but modern microfinance started late. In 1975, the Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal launched the Small Farmer Development Program, which, to a certain extent, has the characteristics of modern microfinance. Nepal's first modern microfinance institution was established in 1992 and was set up by the government. Five regional development banks adopt Bangladesh's Rural Bank microfinance model. In the mid-1990s, non-governmental organizations and private sector began to set up microfinance institutions.
Over the past two decades, the micro-credit industry in Nepal has developed rapidly and played a significant role in rural finance. This paper studies the micro-credit institutions in Nepal from the perspective of financial sustainable development, and analyzes the operating conditions of different types of micro-credit institutions, including the government-established micro-credit Development Bank and the private sector. According to the index of ownership structure, term and scale of operation, this paper selects 20 micro-credit institutions from these four types and analyzes the data from 2005 to 2011.
The results show that the overall financial performance of private-owned microfinance development banks and financial intermediaries of non-governmental organizations is relatively satisfactory owing to their adequate assets and large memberships; the performance of savings and credit cooperatives with fewer assets and members is unsatisfactory; and the government with adequate assets and large memberships is equally satisfactory. The government-run microfinance development bank is not doing very well. Although it is not very useful for savings and credit cooperatives to absorb deposits from the public, it can be done by Nepalese microfinance institutions. In fact, many microfinance institutions are highly dependent on public deposits.
It is noteworthy that the number of depositors and borrowers in microfinance institutions varies considerably, with only a limited number of people actively participating in lending activities. The scope extends its influence.
Privately-run microfinance development banks and financial intermediaries of non-governmental organizations have higher returns on capital and earnings per share, and their income levels are higher than the others. It is hoped that privatization and structural integration will inject new vitality into the bank and help it regain market share. Recently, the National Bank of Nepal (Nepal Central Bank) has begun to encourage institutional integration between banks and financial institutions. There is no doubt that this initiative will have a far-reaching impact on the microfinance industry.
Solving the financing gap in rural areas and eliminating poverty are the challenges facing all developing countries. The Chinese government has focused on the "three rural issues" in rural development. In order to reduce the financing gap in rural areas and increase financial inclusiveness, the government has made the establishment of new financial institutions and micro-credit companies an important task. China's basic national conditions are quite different from those of other developing countries. It is an unprecedented attempt to develop micro-credit in the socialist market economy. In addition to poverty alleviation projects and commercial banks, there are five types of large-scale financial institutions providing micro-credit services, namely, private micro-credit institutions, micro-credit companies and villages. Town banks, rural mutual funds cooperatives and rural credit cooperatives. Private investment and foreign capital are not allowed to enter the microfinance industry due to the lack of corresponding legal status of private microfinance institutions. In theory, interest rate control in developing countries hinders and limits the development of the financial industry. China limits the upper limit of interest rates on microfinance to The benchmark interest rate is four times the benchmark rate. To be fair, the original purpose of microfinance is to raise the socio-economic status of low-income and middle-income people, so its interest rate should not be much higher than that of commercial credit institutions.
The proposal and solution of the "three rural issues" have provided valuable experience for developing countries like Nepal in dealing with rural development issues. China has established new rural financial institutions and provided more financial services for farmers, promoted the healthy development of rural credit cooperatives and microfinance, and strengthened the links between microfinance institutions and enterprises. In addition, co-insured loans, innovative mortgage loans (forest land use rights and livestock can also be used as collateral) and third-party participation (companies and enterprises) can also be used for reference by other countries.
Nepal's microfinance institutions should pay more attention to product design and innovation, strengthen cooperation with rural financial institutions, introduce new technologies (telegraphic transfer, mobile banking), reduce dependence on the government, and establish incentive systems for employees to achieve sustainable development. It is necessary to ensure its profitability and realize its original purpose (providing financial services to low-income families).
Theoretical research comes from practice and goes back to practice. For extremely poor families, the "poverty-stricken families + poverty-alleviation programs / development projects + group loans" approach is more appropriate. Because these families need special subsidies from the government or charities to meet their consumption and investment needs, group loans may be the largest. Limit credit risk.
For low-and middle-income families, the mode of "low-and-middle-income families + third-party participation + group/individual loans" can be adopted. Microfinance is savings and credit cooperatives, financial intermediaries of non-governmental organizations and microcredit development banks are ideal choices. Among them, savings and credit cooperatives are especially suitable for remote areas. Population-dispersed areas are also difficult to hold regular meetings (i.e., using the Rural Bank Group Loan Model).
For middle-income households and microenterprises, the "family/entrepreneur+company+bank+personal loan" approach is more feasible. Microfinance development banks and commercial banks are more suitable for such businesses.
This paper consists of seven chapters. Chapter one expounds the problems, significance and objectives of the research, research methods and innovations. Chapter two is a theoretical review. It mainly introduces the financial development theories of developing countries, especially the theory of financial deepening and the theory of financial repression. Chapter 3 describes the main problems in Nepal's economic development. It also reviews the history of the financial system, the Poverty Alleviation Policies and the current situation in Nepal. Chapter 4 focuses on the history of the development of microfinance in Nepal and the current situation of microfinance institutions. Four different types of microfinance institutions in Nepal are selected from more than 20 samples of microfinance data to analyze financial structure, performance, revenue, expense, performance efficiency, yield and risk management. Chapter 6 analyzes the development and practice of microfinance in China and microfinance Chapter 7 elaborates the legal and political structure of Nepal's microfinance system. The author analyzes the current legal and political structure of Nepal's microfinance, and puts forward some policy suggestions, hoping to solve some fundamental problems existing in Nepal's microfinance and realize Nepal's microfinance. The last chapter summarizes the full text. By analyzing the development and practice of Nepal's microfinance system and China's microfinance system, the author puts forward some suggestions for the future development of Nepal's microfinance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F833.55

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10 巴曙松;;小額信貸與農(nóng)村金融空白的填補(bǔ)——在“首屆甘肅金融論壇”上的演講[J];甘肅金融;2006年04期

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1 任澤金;;關(guān)于農(nóng)村信用社與小額信貸的思考[A];首屆湖湘三農(nóng)論壇論文集（下）[C];2008年

2 鄭洵;;中國農(nóng)村信貸市場的主要問題和發(fā)展方向[A];社會主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)高層論壇專輯[C];2006年

3 孫少妍;;從普惠性金融體系角度探索小額信貸的多元化發(fā)展模式[A];2007環(huán)渤海區(qū)域金融合作發(fā)展研討會論文集[C];2007年

4 李莉莉;;正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)小額信貸:機(jī)構(gòu)優(yōu)勢分析[A];湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)工程學(xué)會常務(wù)理事會暨青年學(xué)術(shù)委員會會議論文集[C];2004年

5 江乾坤;;小額信貸創(chuàng)新的“浙江模式”解析[A];中國會計(jì)學(xué)會高等工科院校分會2007年學(xué)術(shù)年會暨第十四屆年會論文集[C];2007年

6 董玉華;;橫向監(jiān)督機(jī)制、履約機(jī)制與農(nóng)行“三農(nóng)”藍(lán)海市場[A];紀(jì)念農(nóng)村改革30周年學(xué)術(shù)論文集[C];2008年

7 李伊茗;渠帥;;民族地區(qū)小額信貸公司運(yùn)行及監(jiān)管的實(shí)證研究——以貴州省江口縣小額信貸公司為例[A];民族法學(xué)評論（第6卷·2008年）[C];2008年

8 楊明基;魏長江;;西部地區(qū)小額信貸實(shí)證研究——以甘肅省農(nóng)戶小額信貸為例[A];中國金融學(xué)會第八屆調(diào)研報(bào)告評選獲獎?wù)撐募痆C];2005年

9 ;《金融論壇》2011年總目錄[A];“中國入世10周年——全面開放與走向國際的中國銀行業(yè)”學(xué)術(shù)研討會論文集[C];2011年

10 金媛媛;;中國農(nóng)戶小額信貸的新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考[A];湖北省人民政府第三屆湖北科技論壇“三農(nóng)問題與農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力提高”分論壇論文集[C];2005年

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1 謝進(jìn);有效的金融多功能手段——小額信貸[N];證券日報(bào);2007年

2 記者 周軍宇邋實(shí)習(xí)記者 周亞娟;霸州市鑫利小額信貸公司成立[N];廊坊日報(bào);2007年

3 記者 卓夫 實(shí)習(xí)記者 胡穎;亞洲銀行報(bào)告認(rèn)為 小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)正規(guī)化有益其發(fā)展[N];金融時報(bào);2004年

4 焦瑾璞 閻偉 楊駿;小額信貸及小額信貸組織探討（之一）[N];金融時報(bào);2005年

5 焦瑾璞 閻偉 楊駿;小額信貸及小額信貸組織探討（之二）[N];金融時報(bào);2005年

6 田文會;小額信貸發(fā)展史[N];財(cái)經(jīng)時報(bào);2006年

7 高偉;多渠道拓寬農(nóng)村小額信貸[N];第一財(cái)經(jīng)日報(bào);2008年

8 賀江兵;小額信貸急需“身份”[N];財(cái)經(jīng)時報(bào);2005年

9 焦瑾璞 閻偉 楊駿;小額信貸及小額信貸組織探討（之五）[N];金融時報(bào);2005年

10 成暉;小額信貸：策應(yīng)衍生問題的尷尬[N];中國經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)報(bào);2007年

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2 M. Wakilur Rahman;中國與孟加拉非政府組織小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)的影響及可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué);2012年

3 李林;中國農(nóng)村小額信貸機(jī)構(gòu)貸款定價研究[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué);2011年

4 周蘋逢;農(nóng)村小額團(tuán)體貸款機(jī)制設(shè)計(jì)[D];重慶大學(xué);2011年

5 譚民俊;農(nóng)村小額信貸效率改進(jìn)的微觀基礎(chǔ)研究[D];中南大學(xué);2007年

6 何劍偉;中國農(nóng)村小額信貸發(fā)展研究[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué);2008年

7 韓紅;中國農(nóng)村小額信貸制度模式與管理體系研究[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué);2008年

8 賈嶠;中國農(nóng)村小額信貸發(fā)展問題研究[D];沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2008年

9 陳建新;基于信息經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)視角的農(nóng)戶信貸技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)[D];西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué);2008年

10 楊紅麗;新疆農(nóng)村小額信貸發(fā)展研究[D];新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2009年

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2 孟昭坤;東盟四國小額信貸發(fā)展研究[D];廈門大學(xué);2008年

3 楊坤;構(gòu)建適應(yīng)農(nóng)村金融需求的小額信貸體系研究[D];天津財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué);2009年

4 劉陽;農(nóng)村小額信貸的國際比較及啟示研究[D];西南政法大學(xué);2009年

5 周曉麗;新農(nóng)村建設(shè)中的小額信貸問題研究[D];對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué);2007年

6 湯灝;我國小額信貸面臨的突出問題研究[D];上海社會科學(xué)院;2007年

7 楊生萊;中國小額信貸的發(fā)展研究[D];武漢理工大學(xué);2007年

8 王傳言;我國小額信貸項(xiàng)目運(yùn)作中的政府角色研究[D];蘇州大學(xué);2008年

9 張?zhí)鞆?福建省農(nóng)村婦女小額信貸研究[D];福建農(nóng)林大學(xué);2008年

10 烏云;農(nóng)村小額信貸問題研究[D];內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué);2008年

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