合成生物學(xué)的倫理問題及其反思
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-02 12:32
【摘要】：合成生物學(xué)是近年來發(fā)展十分迅速的一門新興技術(shù),自從誕生以來,就以極快的速度向前發(fā)展。合成生物學(xué)目前的研究還處于基礎(chǔ)性階段,在醫(yī)療、環(huán)境、能源等方面有了一些應(yīng)用。隨著合成生物學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展,在未來有著更廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。然而,如同許多高科技一樣,合成生物學(xué)在帶來受益的同時,不可避免的帶來了一些例如安全、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)、社會公正等一些倫理問題,影響著人類生活和社會發(fā)展,這些問題都值得我們?nèi)リP(guān)注和思考。 第1章主要介紹了合成生物學(xué)的概念以及目前的發(fā)展情況,對國內(nèi)外有關(guān)合成生物學(xué)的倫理問題研究現(xiàn)狀進行了綜述,并對本文的主要研究內(nèi)容、研究目的和意義進行了分析。 第2章介紹了合成生物學(xué)的應(yīng)用。合成生物學(xué)在維護人類健康、生產(chǎn)可再生生物能源、治理環(huán)境污染以及微生物計算系統(tǒng)等方面都有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景,對人類社會發(fā)展帶來深刻影響。 第3章是整個論文的核心,分析合成生物學(xué)的倫理問題。一是安全性的倫理問題。合成生物學(xué)的安全隱患主要是合成微生物與環(huán)境,與其他有機體之間相互作用而對環(huán)境和公眾健康產(chǎn)生不可預(yù)料的風(fēng)險以及合成生物學(xué)被不法分子所利用做出的危害社會的行為。二是有關(guān)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的倫理問題。合成生物學(xué)授予知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的主要難題就是專利命名范圍的寬窄問題。專利范圍太寬可能會限制協(xié)作并抑制這一領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展；范圍太窄又會使得研究過程變得太復(fù)雜。如何在二者之間達到平衡,是合成生物學(xué)發(fā)展過程中需要解決的問題。三是社會公正的倫理問題。對于合成生物學(xué)的社會公開問題,主要涉及兩個方面：一是利益分配是否公正得問題；二是風(fēng)險分配是否公正得問題。合成生物學(xué)的利益分配的問題主要在于：合成生物學(xué)被發(fā)達國家所控制,對發(fā)展中國家的利益造成損害。風(fēng)險分配的問題是指涉及研究人員、實驗室工作者、受試者、公眾可能遭受到的風(fēng)險。四是合成生命是自然的還是非自然的倫理問題。隨著人類對自然的不斷改造,世界上不存在絕對自然的東西,合成生物并不是完全“非自然”的,合成生物是既是自然的也是非自然的。 第4章合成生物學(xué)的倫理反思。一是從生命視域的角度進行反思。什么是生命,生命的本質(zhì)是什么?生命該不該合成?這種合成是否違背了尊重生命的倫理原則?在筆者看來,生命有自己的尊嚴(yán),我們應(yīng)該尊重自然和尊重生命,但并不意味著以此理由來反對技術(shù)的發(fā)展,也可以說,正在由于技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,才使得人類能夠更加清楚的認(rèn)識自然,認(rèn)識生命,更加的尊重生命,維護生命的尊嚴(yán)。二是從進化學(xué)視域下進行反思。合成生物學(xué)的生物進化并不是通過自然選擇的自我進化的過程,是有目的、有控制的進化過程。這種進化過程是完全“逆進化”,還是“順進化”?在筆者看來,合成生物學(xué)的進化過程是選擇有益性狀的功能進化,省去了自然界幾千年來的進化過程。這并不是逆進化,而是對進化過程的加速。 最后,本文提出要建立科學(xué)的倫理—政策框架建議。根據(jù)合成生物學(xué)發(fā)展過程中存在的倫理問題,認(rèn)為要制定具有強制性的具體法規(guī)以及建立良好的倫理審查評估機制。
[Abstract]:Synthetic biology is a new technology which has developed rapidly in recent years. Since its birth, it has developed rapidly. The current research of synthetic biology is still in the basic stage, and has some applications in medical, environmental, energy and other aspects. With the continuous development of synthetic biology, it has a wider application in the future. However, like many high-tech, synthetic biology, while bringing benefits, inevitably brings some ethical problems, such as security, intellectual property, and social justice, which affect human life and social development. These problems deserve our attention and consideration.
In the first chapter, the concept of synthetic biology and its current development are introduced. The current status of the research on the ethical issues of synthetic biology at home and abroad is reviewed, and the main contents, purpose and significance of this paper are analyzed.
The second chapter introduces the application of synthetic biology. Synthetic biology has a wide application prospect in the maintenance of human health, the production of renewable biological energy, environmental pollution control and microbiological computing system, which has a profound impact on the development of human society.
The third chapter is the core of the whole thesis. The ethical issues of synthetic biology are analyzed. One is the ethical problem of safety. The safety problems of synthetic biology are mainly the synthesis of microorganisms and the environment, interaction with other organisms, unforeseen risks to the environment and public health, and the use of synthetic biology to be used by illegal elements. The two is the ethical problem of intellectual property. The main problem of the intellectual property rights is the wide narrow scope of the name of the patent. The wide scope of the patent may limit the collaboration and inhibit the development of this field; the scope is too narrow and the research process becomes too complex. How in the two party The balance between the two is a problem to be solved in the process of the development of synthetic biology. Three is the ethical problem of social justice. For the social public problem of synthetic biology, it mainly involves two aspects: first is the problem of whether the distribution of interests is fair; two is the problem of whether the risk distribution is fair. The problem of the distribution of the interests of synthetic biology The main reason is that synthetic biology is controlled by developed countries, causing damage to the interests of developing countries. The problem of risk allocation refers to the risks involved in researchers, laboratory workers, subjects, and the public. Four is the natural or non natural ethical problems of synthetic life, with the continuous transformation of human nature, There is no absolute natural thing in the world. Synthetic organisms are not completely unnatural. Synthetic organisms are both natural and unnatural.
The fourth chapter is the ethical reflection of synthetic biology. One is to reflect on the perspective of life. What is life, what is the essence of life? Is life supposed to be synthesized? Is this synthesis violating the ethical principles of respecting life? In my opinion, life has its own dignity, we should respect nature and respect life, but it does not mean that To oppose the development of technology by this reason, it can be said that, because of the continuous development of technology, human beings can make a clearer understanding of nature, life, more respect for life and the dignity of life. Two, from the perspective of chemistry, the biological evolution of synthetic biology is not the self advance of natural selection. The process of chemical evolution is a purposeful, controlled evolutionary process. Is this evolutionary process completely "reverse evolution" or "CIS evolution"? In my view, the evolutionary process of synthetic biology is a functional evolution of the selection of useful traits, which saves the evolutionary process of the natural world for thousands of years. This is not a reverse evolution, but a acceleration in the process of evolution.
Finally, this paper proposes to establish a scientific framework of ethical policy framework. According to the ethical problems in the development of synthetic biology, it is believed that it is necessary to formulate specific laws and regulations and to establish a good mechanism for ethical review and evaluation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：Q81-02;B82-057
[Abstract]:Synthetic biology is a new technology which has developed rapidly in recent years. Since its birth, it has developed rapidly. The current research of synthetic biology is still in the basic stage, and has some applications in medical, environmental, energy and other aspects. With the continuous development of synthetic biology, it has a wider application in the future. However, like many high-tech, synthetic biology, while bringing benefits, inevitably brings some ethical problems, such as security, intellectual property, and social justice, which affect human life and social development. These problems deserve our attention and consideration.
In the first chapter, the concept of synthetic biology and its current development are introduced. The current status of the research on the ethical issues of synthetic biology at home and abroad is reviewed, and the main contents, purpose and significance of this paper are analyzed.
The second chapter introduces the application of synthetic biology. Synthetic biology has a wide application prospect in the maintenance of human health, the production of renewable biological energy, environmental pollution control and microbiological computing system, which has a profound impact on the development of human society.
The third chapter is the core of the whole thesis. The ethical issues of synthetic biology are analyzed. One is the ethical problem of safety. The safety problems of synthetic biology are mainly the synthesis of microorganisms and the environment, interaction with other organisms, unforeseen risks to the environment and public health, and the use of synthetic biology to be used by illegal elements. The two is the ethical problem of intellectual property. The main problem of the intellectual property rights is the wide narrow scope of the name of the patent. The wide scope of the patent may limit the collaboration and inhibit the development of this field; the scope is too narrow and the research process becomes too complex. How in the two party The balance between the two is a problem to be solved in the process of the development of synthetic biology. Three is the ethical problem of social justice. For the social public problem of synthetic biology, it mainly involves two aspects: first is the problem of whether the distribution of interests is fair; two is the problem of whether the risk distribution is fair. The problem of the distribution of the interests of synthetic biology The main reason is that synthetic biology is controlled by developed countries, causing damage to the interests of developing countries. The problem of risk allocation refers to the risks involved in researchers, laboratory workers, subjects, and the public. Four is the natural or non natural ethical problems of synthetic life, with the continuous transformation of human nature, There is no absolute natural thing in the world. Synthetic organisms are not completely unnatural. Synthetic organisms are both natural and unnatural.
The fourth chapter is the ethical reflection of synthetic biology. One is to reflect on the perspective of life. What is life, what is the essence of life? Is life supposed to be synthesized? Is this synthesis violating the ethical principles of respecting life? In my opinion, life has its own dignity, we should respect nature and respect life, but it does not mean that To oppose the development of technology by this reason, it can be said that, because of the continuous development of technology, human beings can make a clearer understanding of nature, life, more respect for life and the dignity of life. Two, from the perspective of chemistry, the biological evolution of synthetic biology is not the self advance of natural selection. The process of chemical evolution is a purposeful, controlled evolutionary process. Is this evolutionary process completely "reverse evolution" or "CIS evolution"? In my view, the evolutionary process of synthetic biology is a functional evolution of the selection of useful traits, which saves the evolutionary process of the natural world for thousands of years. This is not a reverse evolution, but a acceleration in the process of evolution.
Finally, this paper proposes to establish a scientific framework of ethical policy framework. According to the ethical problems in the development of synthetic biology, it is believed that it is necessary to formulate specific laws and regulations and to establish a good mechanism for ethical review and evaluation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：Q81-02;B82-057
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