【摘要】：犯罪和被害是犯罪問題的兩個方面,如同一枚硬幣的兩面,正是有了犯罪才有了被害的出現(xiàn),是無法分離割裂來看待的。在被害人和犯罪人的共同作用下,犯罪的最終結(jié)果被“生產(chǎn)”出來了,在整體的犯罪形成進(jìn)程當(dāng)中被害人過錯發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。被害人的過錯在許多刑事案件中是促使犯罪行為發(fā)生并造成犯罪結(jié)果的重要因素。毋庸置疑的是僅僅對犯罪人進(jìn)行判罰是偏頗的,對被害人過錯的忽略會造成非公正的結(jié)果的出現(xiàn)。如此必然導(dǎo)致激化出社會矛盾,而不是社會矛盾的化解。所以在某些存在被害人過錯案件并對其進(jìn)行刑法評價的時候,將被害人的過錯對犯罪最終結(jié)果的作用力納入到評價的范圍內(nèi)是有必要的,而且這種必要性的程度是很重要的,并按照過錯行為的大小進(jìn)行考量。被害人過錯是刑法中作為酌定量刑情節(jié)的一種與很多其他因素并列,統(tǒng)一的衡量評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)至今亦未形成。此種局面下,導(dǎo)致被害人過錯的適用問題在司法實(shí)務(wù)中舉步維艱。這樣會導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)同樣類型的案件得不到原本應(yīng)得到的相同且合理的評價。關(guān)于其過錯對刑法評價的影響,具體問題結(jié)合具體情境加以具體的分析,況且各種各樣的因素對犯罪人的影響程度也必然是不盡相同的,不能混淆一談。作為一種可以被刑法評價考量的因素的被害人過錯,對犯罪人的刑法評價發(fā)揮著其自身應(yīng)有的作用,這種作用可以分為對犯罪要件成立與否的準(zhǔn)繩,進(jìn)一步說如果在犯罪成立的前提下則可以成為減輕從輕犯罪人刑法評價的考量因素。本文首先是對被害人過錯的基礎(chǔ)性組成的部分進(jìn)行論述。其后闡述了有影響量刑的理論依據(jù)和淵源,過錯分擔(dān)理論、譴責(zé)性降低理論、期待可能性理論和自我答責(zé)理論亦進(jìn)入了列舉的范圍,說明了影響依據(jù)并進(jìn)行解析。列舉對被害人過錯對刑法評價產(chǎn)生影響的狀況,與此同時釋明被害人過錯對于犯罪人刑法評價的影響,這種影響分為影響確定犯罪成立與否以及如何裁定犯罪人的刑罰輕重。對被害人過錯這一因素的考慮是我國刑法中缺失的一環(huán),結(jié)合我國的實(shí)際國情的基礎(chǔ)上借鑒國外先進(jìn)的立法和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),以使我國刑法更完善。被害人過錯一定的功效發(fā)揮著作為酌定量刑情節(jié),然而由于其在刑法體系中難覓其蹤,在實(shí)踐中所發(fā)揮作用的亦是有限的。此種狀況導(dǎo)致的不利后果就是對犯罪人可能不公正合理的量刑,刑法的基本任務(wù)是人權(quán)的保障機(jī)能,因此應(yīng)刻不容緩勢在必行將這種不公情況的改變,故被害人過錯對刑法評價確立的影響是十分必要的。最后,在立法層面,應(yīng)采取總則兼分則的立法模式,在總則做出量刑評判修改建言,有關(guān)被害人過錯的具體條款在分則具體罪名中應(yīng)增加,以對進(jìn)行處理具體的有被害人過錯案件。此外對適用被害人過錯帶來的弊端也進(jìn)行了論述,以期促進(jìn)被害人過錯的完善與發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Crime and murder are two aspects of crime, just like two sides of one coin. Under the joint action of the victim and the criminal, the final result of the crime is "produced", and the victim fault plays a vital role in the whole process of crime formation. The victim's fault is an important factor to promote the crime and result in the crime in many criminal cases. There is no doubt that it is biased to only punish the offender, and the neglect of the victim's fault will lead to the appearance of unfair results. This will inevitably lead to the intensification of social contradictions, rather than the resolution of social contradictions. Therefore, it is necessary to include the force of the victim's fault on the final result of the crime when there are some cases of victim fault and the criminal law is evaluated, and the degree of this necessity is very important. And according to the size of the wrong behavior to consider. The fault of victim is a kind of criminal law as a discretionary circumstances of sentencing juxtaposed with many other factors, and the unified evaluation standard has not been formed. In this situation, the application of the victim's fault is difficult in the judicial practice. This will lead to the same type of cases without the same and reasonable evaluation as they should have been. With regard to the influence of its fault on the evaluation of criminal law, the concrete problems are analyzed concretely in combination with the concrete situation. Moreover, the degree of influence of various factors on the criminal is bound to be different, so we should not confuse it. As a kind of factor which can be considered by the criminal law, the victim's fault plays its due role in the criminal law evaluation of the criminal, which can be divided into the criterion of the establishment of the elements of the crime. Furthermore, if the crime is established, it can be considered as a factor to reduce the criminal law evaluation of the minor offender. First of all, this paper discusses the basic components of the victim's fault. Then it expounds the theoretical basis and origin of influencing sentencing, the theory of fault sharing, the theory of reprehensible reduction, the theory of expectation possibility and the theory of self-responsibility-giving into the scope of enumeration, which explains the basis of influence and analyzes it. This paper enumerates the influence of the fault of the victim on the evaluation of the criminal law, and at the same time explains the influence of the fault of the victim on the criminal evaluation of the criminal law, which can be divided into two parts: determining whether the crime is founded or not and how to decide the penalty of the offender. The consideration of the victim fault is a missing link in the criminal law of our country. On the basis of the actual situation of our country, we can learn from the advanced legislation and practical experience of foreign countries in order to make the criminal law of our country more perfect. The victim's fault has a certain effect as a discretionary circumstances of sentencing, but because it is difficult to find its trace in the criminal law system, the role of the victim in practice is also limited. The adverse consequence of this situation is that the perpetrators may be unfairly and reasonably sentenced, and that the basic task of criminal law is to guarantee the function of human rights. Therefore, it is imperative that this unfair situation be changed, Therefore, the influence of the victim's fault on the establishment of criminal law evaluation is very necessary. Finally, at the legislative level, we should adopt the legislative model of general rule and sub-rule, and make suggestions on sentencing judgment in the general rule, and the specific provisions on the fault of the victim should be added to the specific crime. In order to deal with specific cases with the fault of the victim. In addition, the malpractice brought by the application of victim's fault is discussed in order to promote the perfection and development of victim's fault.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D924.1

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本文編號：2167542