本文選題：環(huán)境犯罪　切入點：環(huán)境刑事責(zé)任　出處：《貴州大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：環(huán)境犯罪是最嚴(yán)重的危害環(huán)境的行為,利用刑法手段來保護環(huán)境,已經(jīng)成為世界各國保護環(huán)境的一大趨勢。目前我國的環(huán)境犯罪刑事責(zé)任實現(xiàn)方式沿用傳統(tǒng)犯罪的刑罰體系,未能取得良好的效果。原因何在?筆者希望通過對比分析和價值分析的方法,指出我國刑法中環(huán)境刑事責(zé)任實現(xiàn)方式的不足之處,并通過借鑒國外的先進經(jīng)驗結(jié)合我國國情,提出一些合理可行的完善建議。本文分為四個部分進行論述。第一部分,環(huán)境犯罪概述。該部分主要從兩個方面進行:第一,介紹國內(nèi)外環(huán)境刑法的制定模式與環(huán)境犯罪的概念。第二,環(huán)境犯罪的特點。筆者將從四個方面對環(huán)境犯罪的特點進行解析,即主體、客體、行為及危害后果。首先,環(huán)境犯罪的主體包括自然人和單位,以單位犯罪為突出特點;其次,環(huán)境犯罪的客體爭議較多,很多國家的環(huán)境刑法理念慢慢從“人類中心主義”發(fā)展到“生態(tài)中心主義”,人們也意識到環(huán)境犯罪侵犯的客體除了與人類相關(guān)的利益還有生態(tài)利益;第三,環(huán)境犯罪的行為方式,表現(xiàn)為污染和破壞兩種行為方式;第四,環(huán)境犯罪的危害后果一般較普通犯罪嚴(yán)重,環(huán)境犯罪的危害結(jié)果具有滯后性、不可逆轉(zhuǎn)性,危害范圍具有廣泛性等特點。第二部分,環(huán)境刑事責(zé)任概述。環(huán)境刑事責(zé)任是刑事責(zé)任的下位概念,它是指實施環(huán)境犯罪行為的人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的人民法院依照刑事法律對其犯罪行為及本人所做的否定性評價和譴責(zé)。該部分從刑事責(zé)任理論出發(fā),闡述了環(huán)境刑事責(zé)任的概念、根據(jù)、歸責(zé)原則及其實現(xiàn),為環(huán)境刑事責(zé)任的實現(xiàn)方式研究提供了理論支撐。第三部分,環(huán)境刑事責(zé)任實現(xiàn)方式概述。刑事責(zé)任的實現(xiàn)方式包括刑罰措施和非刑罰措施。筆者通過對比分析的方法,闡述了國內(nèi)外刑罰措施、非刑罰措施的立法及司法現(xiàn)狀。刑罰措施方面,國內(nèi)外環(huán)境刑法基本都是普遍適用自由刑和罰金刑,但是國內(nèi)外不同的是,國外的罰金刑大都規(guī)定有“限額”或“日額”,而我國刑法規(guī)定的環(huán)境犯罪的罰金刑是“無限額罰金”,這種規(guī)定存在諸多弊端。部分國家刑罰措施還規(guī)定了資格刑,如“剝奪營業(yè)權(quán)”、“剝奪擔(dān)任一定職務(wù)或從事某種活動的權(quán)利”等,而我國環(huán)境刑事立法并沒有與此類資格刑相關(guān)的規(guī)定;至于非刑罰措施,國外早已有了環(huán)境犯罪非刑罰措施的相關(guān)規(guī)定,如限定特定行為、銷毀犯罪條件和義務(wù)性措施。而我國刑法除了總則36、37條規(guī)定的“訓(xùn)誡”、“責(zé)令具結(jié)悔過”等處罰以及第64條規(guī)定的“追繳”、“沒收”,尚未單獨在刑法分則部分規(guī)定適用于環(huán)境犯罪的非刑罰措施。第四部分,環(huán)境刑事責(zé)任實現(xiàn)方式完善建議。該部分筆者從三個方面提出建議:環(huán)境刑法理念的完善、環(huán)境犯罪刑罰措施的完善以及環(huán)境犯罪非刑罰措施的完善。完善環(huán)境刑事責(zé)任的實現(xiàn)方式,首先要從環(huán)境刑法理念層面著手,這樣才能有利于將來在立法及司法中得以貫徹。關(guān)于刑罰措施的完善,筆者建議:細化罰金刑,引入限額罰金制和日額罰金制;設(shè)置罰金易科制度;增設(shè)資格刑,豐富刑罰種類。關(guān)于非刑罰措施,筆者首先闡述了在我國環(huán)境刑法中設(shè)置非刑罰措施的價值及必要性,在此基礎(chǔ)上再提出具體完善建議以實現(xiàn)環(huán)境犯罪非刑罰措施的制度化。對我國的環(huán)境犯罪的懲罰體系的完善,應(yīng)當(dāng)在學(xué)習(xí)國外的先進經(jīng)驗的同時,具體考量中國自身的基本情況,以及國外的經(jīng)驗是否適合中國這片土壤,才能有利于對我國環(huán)境犯罪的懲罰體系進行有益的完善。我們首先應(yīng)在刑法中明確非刑罰措施的法律地位;其次,完善我國的非刑罰措施種類;最后,再根據(jù)不同的環(huán)境犯罪主體適用不同的非刑罰措施。保護人類賴以生存的環(huán)境,懲治和預(yù)防環(huán)境犯罪,傳統(tǒng)的刑罰手段不應(yīng)繼續(xù)獨當(dāng)一面。我國刑法應(yīng)當(dāng)注重運用多種手段懲治環(huán)境犯罪分子,以達到預(yù)防犯罪、保護環(huán)境的目的。刑事責(zé)任實現(xiàn)方式的多元化不僅有利于懲罰犯罪,更有利于預(yù)防犯罪、減小再犯的可能性以保護環(huán)境,最大化的彌補刑罰功能的不足,不僅體現(xiàn)了我國寬嚴(yán)相濟的刑事政策思想,而且符合世界刑法改革的趨勢。
[Abstract]:Environmental crime is the most serious harm to the environment behavior, by means of criminal law to protect the environment, has become a major trend in the world to protect the environment. The environmental crime of criminal responsibility of our country implementation of the traditional criminal penalty system, failed to achieve good results. What is the reason? I hope that through the comparative analysis and value method analysis of the shortcomings of the implementation of environmental criminal responsibility in the criminal law of our country, and through the advanced foreign experience combined with China's national conditions, put forward some reasonable and feasible suggestions. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part, an overview of environmental crime. This part mainly from two aspects: 1. The introduction of domestic and foreign environmental criminal law mode and the concept of environmental crime. The second characteristics of environmental crime. The author will characteristics from the four aspects of environmental crime in the analysis, The subject, object, behavior and harmful consequences. First of all, the subject of environmental crime includes the natural person and unit, the unit crime is one of the most outstanding characteristic; secondly, the object of the controversial concept of environmental crime, environmental criminal law in many countries gradually from "Anthropocentrism" to "eco Centrism", people are aware of the environment the crime of infringing object in addition to human related interests and ecological interests; third, environmental crime behavior, destruction of two kinds of behavior and pollution; fourth, the consequences of environmental crime is common crime, environmental crime harm with lag, irreversible harm has the characteristics of wide range. Etc. the second part, an overview of the criminal responsibility of environment. Environmental criminal responsibility is the concept of criminal responsibility, it is the people's court refers to the implementation of environmental crime shall bear the Negative evaluation and in accordance with the criminal law of the condemned criminal behavior and what I do. This part starts from the theory of criminal responsibility, expounds the concept of environmental criminal liability according to the imputation principle and Realization of realization of environmental criminal responsibility provides theoretical support. In the third part, overview of implementation of environmental criminal responsibility. Including penalty measures and non penalty measures implementation of criminal responsibility. Through comparative analysis, elaborated the domestic and foreign criminal measures, legislative and judicial status of non penalty measures. The penalty measures, domestic and international environmental criminal law is the basic universal freedom penalty and fine penalty, but at home and abroad is different, most of the foreign fine penalty provisions "limit" or "daily amount", and the fine punishment of environmental crime in Chinese criminal law is "unlimited fine", this has many drawbacks. Part of the national penalty measures also provides qualification penalty, such as "deprived of the right of business", "deprivation as a certain positions or engage in certain activities of the rights", and environmental criminal legislation in our country has not set associated with this kind of qualification penalty; for non penalty measures, overseas already has the relevant provisions of the non penalty measures of environmental crime such as, defining a specific behavior, the destruction condition of crime and compulsory measures. Criminal law of our country in addition to general provisions of article 36,37 "lecture", "ordered to make a statement of repentance and punishment and the provisions of article sixty-fourth" recovered "," confiscation ", is not alone in the criminal law provisions applicable to the part of the environmental crime punishment measures the fourth part, the environmental criminal responsibility implementation suggestions. In this part the author puts forward suggestions from three aspects: perfecting the environmental criminal law concept, perfecting the environmental crime and environmental crime criminal punishment measures Perfect the penalty measures. Realization way of perfecting the environmental criminal responsibility, we must begin with the concept of environmental criminal law, so as to contribute to the future in the legislation and judicature can be carried out. The author suggests to improve, on the punishment measures: refinement of fine penalty, limit fine system and introduced the day fine system; set up fine exchanging system; additional qualifications, enrich the types of penalties. On non penalty measures, the author firstly elaborated the non penalty measures in our environmental criminal law value and necessity, and then puts forward the system of specific suggestions for environmental criminal punishment measures. To improve our environmental criminal punishment system. At the same time should learn advanced experience of foreign countries, the basic situation of China specific consideration of itself, and the foreign experience for China of the soil can be beneficial to the environmental crime of our country The punishment system is beneficial to improve. We should first clarify the legal status of non penalty punishment in criminal law; secondly, perfect the types of non penalty measures in China; finally, according to the environmental crime subject different for different non penalty measures. To protect the environment for human survival, the prevention and punishment of environmental crime, the traditional punishment should not continue to take charge as chief of the criminal law of our country. Should pay attention to the use of various means to punish molecular environmental crime, crime prevention in order to protect the environment, the implementation of criminal responsibility. The diversification is not only conducive to the punishment of crime, more conducive to the prevention of crime, reduce the possibility of relapse to protect the environment, maximize the insufficiency of penalty functions. Not only embodies the criminal policy of combining punishment with leniency in our country, but also conforms to the trend of reform of criminal law in the world.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：貴州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D924.3

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本文編號：1590820