本文關(guān)鍵詞： 毒品犯罪 主觀明知 刑事推定 司法實務(wù) 建議　出處：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：近年來,我國毒品犯罪案件數(shù)量逐年上升,司法實務(wù)部門在工作實踐中遇到不少值得關(guān)注的問題,有些問題直接影響到對毒品犯罪的打擊力度,不能妥善解決、處理類似問題,極其不利于有效預(yù)防和遏制毒品犯罪的發(fā)生。本文試圖通過對毒品犯罪的調(diào)查研究,針對當前部分區(qū)域在辦理毒品案件中存在的主要問題,深入分析產(chǎn)生問題的原因,提出在司法實務(wù)中廣泛適用的刑事推定這一理論問題,通過案列分析方法、比較分析文獻法、實證研究法、經(jīng)濟分析方法、邏輯分析方法等,理論與實踐相結(jié)合,提出進一步加大打擊毒品犯罪的措施和建議,探討禁毒和打擊毒品犯罪的法律和對策,進一步總結(jié)禁毒和打擊毒品犯罪的經(jīng)驗,以期有效遏制司法實務(wù)中毒品犯罪案件的高發(fā)狀況。 在文章的第一部分,列舉了在西北地區(qū)的典型毒品犯罪案例,由案例來說明部分地區(qū)司法實務(wù)現(xiàn)實中遇到的對毒品犯罪中“主觀明知”認定的難題,分析了目前我國打擊毒品犯罪的法律、法規(guī),介紹了難題的基本解決方法,指出了我國司法實務(wù)現(xiàn)狀應(yīng)對毒品犯罪的不足和困境,并提出以刑事推定來解決毒品犯罪中“主觀明知”認定的難題。 第二部分文章主要介紹了刑事推定和毒品犯罪中“主觀明知”的相關(guān)概念,即：刑事推定是依據(jù)法律、法規(guī)直接規(guī)定或依經(jīng)驗規(guī)則所確立的待證事實和基礎(chǔ)事實之間的常態(tài)聯(lián)系,基礎(chǔ)事實確實被證實時,即可認定待證事實的存在,但是允許受到不利推定的當事人予以舉證反駁,而成就的一項輔助證據(jù)證明的標準化規(guī)則。闡述了刑事推定解決毒品犯罪案件中“主觀明知”認定難題的方式、特點和其解決問題的模式,并對其作用進行了分析,在我們需要保護某些重大法益,而又難于證明某種侵犯法益的犯罪,便急需刑事推定的適用。 第三部分主要以實證考察的方式,將刑事推定在司法實務(wù)當中具體運用,引述了國內(nèi)法律、法規(guī)對刑事推定的成文規(guī)定,并分析其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,由此得出考證結(jié)論--刑事推定具有有效性、廣泛性、靈活性等固有優(yōu)勢,回答了刑事推定要素,即基礎(chǔ)事實和待定事實之間的常態(tài)聯(lián)系的內(nèi)涵,闡述了其法理、情理依據(jù),表達了筆者對其合理性的支持。 第四部分筆者探討了刑事推定的自身缺陷、短板,指出其必須要受到法律規(guī)制的理由----其具有模糊性、與法律原則的潛在沖突等等。同時通過比較法研究介紹了國外法對刑事推定的規(guī)制內(nèi)容,以及國內(nèi)學(xué)者對此問題的研究路徑。文章對刑事推定的規(guī)制著眼于我國的司法實踐,并給出了筆者自己的制度化建議。文章將事實推定與法律推定分別論述、辨析,以探討對刑事推定進行規(guī)制的合理路徑,提出了以省級司法機關(guān)審查為主的規(guī)制制度等等,并達到契合司法實踐操作的目的。 第五部分探討了毒品犯罪中“主觀明知”適用刑事推定的一般規(guī)律和特殊方法,提出對部分毒品犯罪中“主觀明知”的認定難題,可適用地方司法慣例、“概括性認識”、“應(yīng)當知道”等刑事推定的方法予以解決,明晰了刑事推定并不是適用于所有毒品犯罪。筆者還將技術(shù)偵查資料的轉(zhuǎn)化、毒品含量分析、財產(chǎn)刑的處罰等司法實務(wù)中經(jīng)驗性的做法予以梳理,以期對刑事推定在今后司法實務(wù)中的適用更有裨益。我們黨的十八大以來,在司法改革的洪流下,刑事推定課題必然納于司法改革之中,筆者藉此也希望對刑事推定的改革更加富有成效,能夠盡可能及時關(guān)懷我們的現(xiàn)實生活。 文章所探討的刑事推定,是一個復(fù)雜、極富實踐性的學(xué)術(shù)課題,它不僅與實體法中的犯罪構(gòu)成要件、犯罪構(gòu)成體系有著密切的聯(lián)系,更與程序法中的證明責任、證明標準、訴訟模式、權(quán)利保障等問題交織在一起,點面結(jié)合,交相呼應(yīng)。尤其在我國部分地區(qū)辦理毒品犯罪案件的司法實務(wù)中,怎樣具體適用刑事推定來解決毒品犯罪中“主觀明知”認定難題,也是一個十分復(fù)雜的問題,絕非簡單地援引相關(guān)司法解釋和刑法條文的規(guī)定就可以作出準確的認定。刑事推定的模糊性、輔助性等基本屬性,也決定了它必然要受到相應(yīng)的規(guī)制,以防止其被濫用,防止司法自由裁量權(quán)被濫用。需要特別注意的是,如何讓刑事推定的適用和創(chuàng)設(shè)與我國現(xiàn)行法律體系相協(xié)調(diào),并且與我國目前的刑事司法環(huán)境相適應(yīng),絕不是單純的理論探討和學(xué)術(shù)爭論所能豁然解決的,其較圓滿的解決,是一項艱巨的系統(tǒng)工程。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the number of cases of drug crime in our country is increasing year by year, judicial departments have encountered many problems worthy of concern in practice, some problems directly affect the crackdown on drug crime, can not be solved properly, dealing with similar issues, is not conducive to the effective prevention and control of drug crime. This paper tries to research on the drug crime, aiming at the main problems in parts for drug cases, in-depth analysis of causes of the problem, put forward the criminal presumption is widely used in the judicial practice of this theory, through case analysis method, comparative literature analysis, empirical research method, economic analysis method, logical analysis method so, the combination of theory and practice, put forward measures and suggestions to further intensify the fight against drug crime, investigate drug laws and countermeasures and the fight against drug crime, further The experience of drug control and drug crime is summarized in order to effectively curb the high incidence of criminal cases in judicial practice.
In the first part of the article, cited in the northwest region of the typical drug crime case by case to illustrate the parts of the judicial practice encountered in practice of drug crime "subjective knowing" recognition of the problem, analysis of China's fight against drug crime laws, regulations, and introduces the basic method to solve the problem, pointed out. The judicial practice of China's status quo response of drug crime problems and difficulties, and puts forward the criminal presumption to solve crimes "subjective knowing" recognition of the problem.
The second part mainly introduces the criminal presumption and drug crimes in the "subjective knowing" related concepts, namely: the criminal presumption is in accordance with the laws, regulations or provisions of the normal relations between directly established according to the experience rules to be proved and the basic facts, the basic facts indeed confirmed, you can identify the facts to be proved the existence. But allow the parties to be adversely a presumption of burden and refute, a supplementary proof standard rules. Elaborated the criminal presumption to solve drug-related criminal cases "subjective knowing" that problem, and the problem solving model, and the effect is analyzed, we need to protect some major the legal interests, and difficult to prove that a violation of law benefit crime, they need for criminal presumption.
The third part mainly by way of empirical investigation, the criminal presumption in the judicial practice of the specific application, quoted domestic laws, regulations on criminal presumption rules, and analyzes the internal relations, the research conclusion of criminal presumption has validity, universality, flexibility and other inherent advantages, answered the criminal presumption elements, i.e. between the basic facts and the facts of the undetermined normal relation connotation, elaborated the legal basis, the reason, the author express the rationality of support.
The fourth part discusses the defects of criminal presumption, the short board, it must be subject to legal regulation of reason -- it is fuzzy, the potential conflict with the legal principle and so on. At the same time, through the study of comparative law introduces the foreign law to regulate the content of the criminal presumption, research path and domestic scholars on this issue. The judicial the practice of regulation of criminal presumption based on China, and gives the suggestions of the author's own system. The fact presumption and legal presumption of reasonable path were discussed, the regulation of criminal presumption to discuss, put forward to the Provincial Judicial Review of regulation system and so on, and to fit the judicial practice the purpose of the operation.
The fifth part discusses the general rules and special methods of drug-related crimes in the "subjective knowing" criminal presumption, put forward on the part of drug crime in the "subjective knowing the problems identified, applicable local judicial practice," general knowledge "and" should know "method to solve the criminal presumption, clarity of criminal presumption and not applicable to all drug-related crimes. The author also translated technical investigation data, drug content analysis, empirical property punishment punishment judicial practice to sort out in order of criminal presumption in the future judicial practice is more helpful to our party. Since eighteen, the flood in the judicial reform, criminal research on the judicial reform must accept the presumption, the author also hopes to reform the criminal presumption can be more productive, as far as possible timely care of our real life.
This paper discusses the criminal presumption, is a complex, highly practical academic subject, it not only with the substantive law of the crime, crime constitution system is closely linked with more responsibility, the proof procedure in the standard of proof, litigation, rights protection and other issues are intertwined, point to surface with echoes. Especially for the judicial practice of drug crime cases in some areas of our country, how to apply the criminal presumption to solve crimes "subjective knowing" that problem is a very complex issue, not simply citing the relevant provisions of the judicial interpretation and the provisions of the criminal law can make accurate identification Fuzzy criminal presumption, the basic properties of the auxiliary, also determines that it must have the corresponding regulation, to prevent the abuse of judicial discretion, to prevent abuse. Special attention is needed How to make the application of criminal presumption, and create harmony with the existing legal system of our country, and to adapt to China's current criminal judicial environment, is not only a theoretical discussion and academic debate can suddenly solve, the satisfactory solution, is a difficult system engineering.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D924.36

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