本文關(guān)鍵詞： 人體器官 組織出賣 司法適用 犯罪　出處：《華東政法大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：眾所周知，出于人類基本倫理的要求，人體器官不得侵犯也不得作為商品進(jìn)行買賣。隨著生物醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，器官移植得到了廣泛地應(yīng)用。然而在供移植的器官資源緊缺和巨額利潤(rùn)誘惑的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況下，我國(guó)買賣人體器官的現(xiàn)象愈演愈烈。盡管《刑法修正案（八）》增設(shè)組織出賣人體器官罪，加強(qiáng)了對(duì)人體器官交易活動(dòng)的打擊力度，但由于僅規(guī)定了簡(jiǎn)單罪狀，本罪在司法適用環(huán)節(jié)中操作性并不高。 鑒于此，本文將采用比較分析法、語義分析法等研究方法，，參考境外各個(gè)國(guó)家、地區(qū)關(guān)于人體器官買賣的法律規(guī)制，并結(jié)合我國(guó)買賣人體器官現(xiàn)象的特征，多角度、多層次地對(duì)組織出賣人體器官罪的司法適用疑難進(jìn)行闡述和分析，并就相關(guān)立法提出完善的建議。從整體上看，本文共分為三個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容： 第一部分，筆者先通過對(duì)英國(guó)、美國(guó)等英美法系國(guó)家和法國(guó)、日本、捷克等大陸法系國(guó)家以及我國(guó)香港、澳門、臺(tái)灣地區(qū)關(guān)于人體器官買賣的法律規(guī)制的系統(tǒng)評(píng)述，介紹有關(guān)人體器官立法的國(guó)際性趨勢(shì)，進(jìn)而引出我國(guó)《刑法》增設(shè)組織出賣人體器官罪的立法現(xiàn)狀。在該部分的最后，筆者對(duì)組織出賣人體器官罪的構(gòu)成要件進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要的說明，意在為后文的深入分析做鋪墊。 第二部分，作為本文寫作的核心部分，筆者從組織出賣人體器官罪刑法條文中相關(guān)術(shù)語的界定、被害人的承諾對(duì)本罪認(rèn)定的影響、本罪既遂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及本罪與非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪之間的關(guān)系4個(gè)方面，對(duì)組織出賣人體器官罪的司法適用疑難進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的論述，并相應(yīng)地提出自己的觀點(diǎn)：本罪的“組織”可包括指揮、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、招募、雇傭、引誘、容留等方式，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)排除強(qiáng)迫和欺騙；本罪的組織者和被組織者沒有數(shù)量上的要求；“他人”不僅包括供體，也包括存在間接組織場(chǎng)合的直接組織者；“出賣”具有單向性，不能理解成“買賣”或者“販賣”；“人體器官”既包括狹義的人體器官，也包括角膜、肢體、骨等重要人體組織；“情節(jié)嚴(yán)重”可從次數(shù)、人數(shù)、獲利數(shù)額以及對(duì)供體人身健康的損害程度等方面考察；本罪要求存在被害人的承諾，未經(jīng)被害人承諾的器官摘取行為應(yīng)以故意傷害罪或者故意殺人罪論處；本罪是行為犯，只要成功實(shí)施了“組織出賣”的行為，就宣告既遂；本罪與非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪之間不存在包容與被包容的關(guān)系，過去部分法院對(duì)本罪行為按非法經(jīng)營(yíng)罪處理的做法值得商榷。 第三部分，筆者著眼于我國(guó)《刑法》關(guān)于人體器官犯罪規(guī)定上的不足，提出合理的立法完善建議，認(rèn)為應(yīng)在組織出賣人體器官罪中設(shè)立單位犯罪，并且增加對(duì)精神病人進(jìn)行特殊保護(hù)的內(nèi)容。 組織出賣人體器官罪的設(shè)立，不僅體現(xiàn)了我國(guó)打擊人體器官買賣行為的決心，也與國(guó)際上關(guān)于人體器官買賣的法律規(guī)制相契合。隨著相關(guān)刑事立法的不斷進(jìn)步和完善，我國(guó)器官移植的環(huán)境也將變得更加純凈。
[Abstract]:As we all know, due to the requirements of human basic ethics, human organs must not be infringed or traded as commodities. With the rapid development of biomedical technology. Organ transplantation has been widely used. However, given the shortage of organ resources for transplantation and the temptation of huge profits. The phenomenon of buying and selling human organs in our country is becoming more and more serious. Although the Criminal Law Amendment (8) adds the crime of selling human organs and strengthens the crackdown on human organ trading activities, it only stipulates a simple crime. The operation of this crime in judicial application is not high. In view of this, this paper will use comparative analysis, semantic analysis and other research methods, referring to the foreign countries and regions on the legal regulation of human organ trading, and combined with the characteristics of the phenomenon of human organ trading in China. This paper expounds and analyzes the difficulties in the judicial application of the crime of tissue selling human organs from various angles and levels, and puts forward some suggestions on the perfection of the relevant legislation. On the whole, this article is divided into three parts: The first part, the author first through the United Kingdom, the United States and other common law countries and France, Japan, the Czech Republic and other civil law countries, as well as China's Hong Kong, Macao. A systematic review of the legal regulations on the sale of human organs in Taiwan, and an introduction to the international trend of legislation on human organs. In the end of this part, the author briefly explains the constitutive elements of the crime of tissue selling human organs. It is intended to pave the way for further analysis. The second part, as the core part of this article, the author from the organization of human organs in the criminal law provisions of the definition of relevant terms, the victim's commitment to the impact of this crime. The standard of accomplishing the crime and the relationship between this crime and the crime of illegal operation are discussed in detail on the difficulty of judicial application of the crime of tissue selling human organs. And put forward their own view accordingly: the organization of this crime may include command, leadership, recruitment, employment, inducement, shelter and so on, but should exclude coercion and deception; The organizers and the organizers of this crime have no quantitative requirements; "others" includes not only the donor, but also the direct organizer who exists in the situation of indirect organization. "selling" has a unidirectional nature and cannot be understood as "sale" or "trafficking"; "Human organ" includes not only the narrow sense of human organs, but also the cornea, limbs, bones and other important human tissues; "serious circumstances" can be investigated in terms of the number of times, the number of persons, the amount of profits, and the degree of injury to the donor's personal health. The crime requires the existence of the victim's commitment, and the removal of organs without the victim's commitment should be punished as the crime of intentional injury or intentional homicide; This crime is an act crime, as long as the successful implementation of "organizational betrayal" behavior, it is declared accomplished; There is no tolerance and tolerance between this crime and the crime of illegal operation. In the past, some courts dealt with the crime according to the crime of illegal operation. In the third part, the author focuses on the deficiency of the criminal law about human organ crime, and puts forward some reasonable legislative suggestions, and thinks that the unit crime should be set up in the crime of tissue selling human organs. And to increase the content of special protection for mental patients. The establishment of the crime of selling human organs not only reflects the determination of our country to crack down on the sale of human organs. With the continuous progress and perfection of relevant criminal legislation, the environment of organ transplantation in China will become more pure.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D924.3

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