本文關(guān)鍵詞： 男性生育權(quán) 生育自由 性別平等 憲法保護(hù)　出處：《湘潭大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：生育權(quán)原本是在女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)蓬勃發(fā)展和政府的人口政策不斷適應(yīng)形勢(shì)需要的助推下最終得以確立的。生育法律制度的設(shè)立從一開始就是以女性的權(quán)利保護(hù)為本位的。與時(shí)代進(jìn)步和生育技術(shù)發(fā)展相伴并隨的是，人們的生育觀念不斷變遷，各種新生現(xiàn)象頻頻涌現(xiàn)�，F(xiàn)階段，因女性擅自墮胎、無理拒絕生育而導(dǎo)致家庭破裂的現(xiàn)象并不鮮見；人工生殖技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展，“代孕”成為挑戰(zhàn)傳統(tǒng)生育權(quán)的一種有爭議的行為。其技術(shù)理性至少在保障男性獲得生育權(quán)方面擁有了更多的自由，而相關(guān)的法律制度卻是不寬容的；與各國普遍地通過立法確認(rèn)男性生育假等手段強(qiáng)化政府對(duì)男性生育權(quán)的社會(huì)保障責(zé)任形成鮮明對(duì)照的是，我國現(xiàn)行社會(huì)保障制度及計(jì)劃生育政策體現(xiàn)出來的政府決策導(dǎo)向及其相關(guān)的制度性措施卻明顯缺少對(duì)男性權(quán)利的尊重和關(guān)懷。我國現(xiàn)行生育法律制度及其運(yùn)行暴露出的缺陷、空洞和滯后，，生育法律關(guān)系中男性的弱勢(shì)地位的凸顯與生育關(guān)系運(yùn)行實(shí)踐中女性生育權(quán)的失控，加之其法律保障制度和救濟(jì)機(jī)制的不濟(jì)，使得既往的權(quán)利關(guān)系的平衡格局在實(shí)踐中時(shí)常被打破，各種生育權(quán)爭議紛至沓來，男性生育權(quán)的保護(hù)問題由此而開始浮出水面。 男性生育權(quán)構(gòu)成生育權(quán)不可或缺的重要內(nèi)容。確切地說，生育權(quán)是以保障男女雙方生育自由的實(shí)現(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)的，具有自由權(quán)和選擇權(quán)的屬性；同時(shí)，它又以權(quán)利和義務(wù)相對(duì)等原則的維系為前提，故其亦符合請(qǐng)求權(quán)的特征；此外，生育權(quán)之于女性抑或男性亦彰顯維系社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的社會(huì)保障功能，故政府亦應(yīng)對(duì)男性生育權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)承擔(dān)積極責(zé)任；為此，男性生育權(quán)理應(yīng)得到應(yīng)有的尊重，尤其是當(dāng)其權(quán)利遭遇各種惡意行為的不當(dāng)侵害時(shí)，理應(yīng)使保障男性也有權(quán)據(jù)以尋求法律的保護(hù)與獲得救濟(jì)。從法理上說，生育法律制度對(duì)生育關(guān)系的調(diào)整要兼顧男女雙方的利益并體現(xiàn)其弱者權(quán)利傾斜性保護(hù)的立法本位，以體現(xiàn)實(shí)質(zhì)意義上的生育權(quán)平等保護(hù)原則。從制度上看，傳統(tǒng)的生育法對(duì)生育關(guān)系的調(diào)整在更大程度上和更多領(lǐng)域體現(xiàn)的是女性權(quán)利本位。其立法先見就是：女性是社會(huì)弱者，在生育關(guān)系中亦然。勿庸否認(rèn)，從生育行為關(guān)涉的女性健康權(quán)和休息權(quán)而言，對(duì)其適度地加以傾斜性保護(hù)勢(shì)有必要，亦不違背合理差別的正義精神。而就生育行為本身涉及的選擇權(quán)及其實(shí)現(xiàn)的途徑來看，女性明顯天然地享有更大的自由度和更多的主動(dòng)性。也就是說，在傳統(tǒng)生育法律制度對(duì)生育關(guān)系進(jìn)行調(diào)整由此而構(gòu)筑的生育法律關(guān)系中，女性均處于其中的強(qiáng)勢(shì)一端，此類差別保護(hù)顯然有違事理與法理。質(zhì)言之，傳統(tǒng)的生育制度對(duì)生育關(guān)系的調(diào)整在很多領(lǐng)域都凸顯出明顯的“矯枉過正”傾向。事實(shí)表明，在缺少男性關(guān)懷的傳統(tǒng)生育法律制度框架內(nèi)，男性生育權(quán)是一項(xiàng)極其脆弱的權(quán)利。 憲法對(duì)生育法律關(guān)系的“二次平衡”，首先應(yīng)在憲法框架內(nèi)將生育權(quán)實(shí)質(zhì)性地確定為一項(xiàng)彰顯“平等的自由”與“合理差別的自由”相契合原則的基本人權(quán)，在對(duì)生育權(quán)進(jìn)行確認(rèn)或者對(duì)其作合憲性解釋的過程中不能缺少最起碼的男性關(guān)懷；其次，應(yīng)立足于我國現(xiàn)階段生育關(guān)系運(yùn)行的權(quán)勢(shì)格局，遵循合憲性原則對(duì)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的法律法規(guī)作相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)充、修改和調(diào)適，以彰顯現(xiàn)代生育法的制度正義，改變傳統(tǒng)生育法律關(guān)系中男性總是處于弱勢(shì)一端的不利地位；再次，也是很重要的一點(diǎn)，就是應(yīng)當(dāng)體現(xiàn)政府亦對(duì)男性生育權(quán)承擔(dān)適度的保障責(zé)任。比如目前的《社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)法》或者以后可能制定的專門的《生育保險(xiǎn)法》層面給予男性以生育假；此外，作為憲法基本國策條款的計(jì)劃生育政策在實(shí)施過程對(duì)包括男性在內(nèi)的公民生育權(quán)的限制過于嚴(yán)格，需要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的合憲性調(diào)整。
[Abstract]:Right of birth was in the feminist movement vigorous development and the government's population policy to adapt to the needs of the situation under the booster was finally established. The establishment of family law system from the beginning to protect women's rights as the standard. The development and progress of the times and accompanied with the family, the concept of fertility continuously change, various new phenomena frequently emerge. At this stage, for women to abortion, refuse bearing and lead to the breakdown of the family is not a rare phenomenon; the development and application of artificial reproductive technology, "surrogate" has become a controversial act to challenge the traditional birth right. The rationality of Technology at least in the protection of reproductive rights with men more freedom, and the legal system is related to intolerance; and every country is confirmed by legislation and other means to strengthen the government's false male fertility of male fertility The right of social security responsibility contrast, government decision-making of China's current social security system and the family planning policy reflected and related institutional measures are obviously lack of respect and care for the rights of men. The defects of China's current family planning legal system and its operation is exposed, empty and lag, male fertility the legal relationship in the weak position of prominent control and operation practice in the relationship between female fertility fertility right, and the legal protection system and the relief mechanism of the balance of rights between failed and previous in practice is often broken, all kinds of reproductive rights disputes come in a throng of the male reproductive rights protection problems, which began to emerge.
An important part of the male reproductive rights of reproductive rights indispensable. Specifically, the reproductive right is the realization of freedom to protect both men and women family based, property right of freedom and right to choose; at the same time, it also takes the rights and obligations of the relative principle in order to maintain the premise, so it is also in line with the characteristics of right of claim; in addition, reproductive rights to female or male also shows social sustainable development of the social security function, the government should also realize the male reproductive rights actively assume responsibility; therefore, the male reproductive rights should be respected, especially improper infringement when their rights encounter a variety of malicious behavior, should make security men have the right to seek legal protection and relief. From the theory of law, laws on fertility adjustment of the relationship between men and women should take into account the interests of both sides and reflect the inclination of the rights of the weak Law protection, in order to reflect the principle of equal protection of reproductive rights in essence. From the system, the traditional method of birth adjustment birth relationship reflected in more and more areas are women. The legislation is the right standard SEER: women are weak in society, also in the family relationship. There is no denying from the female reproductive behavior, with the right to health and the right to rest, the moderate to potential necessary tilt protection, also does not violate the spirit of justice and reasonable difference. Way choice relates to the reproductive behavior itself and its implementation to see women obviously naturally have more freedom and more initiative. That is to say, on the birth of traditional legal relationship legal system which build on family relations regulating the family, women are in a strong one end, such differential protection is clearly contrary to common sense With the legal principle. In other words, the traditional system of family of family relations are convex in many fields and shows the clear tendency of "overkill". In fact, in the traditional family law system lack of male care, male reproductive rights is an extremely fragile right.
The constitution of the legal relationship of the birth of "two balances", first of all should be within the framework of the constitution of the reproductive right substantially determine the basic human rights as a highlight "equal liberty" and "freedom" fit reasonable difference principle, not the lack of male care at least in the process of reproductive rights or for confirmation constitutional interpretation on it; secondly, should be based on the operation of power structure in China at the present stage of family relations, make the corresponding supplement to follow the constitutional principle of laws and regulations in the relevant field, revision and adjustment, in order to highlight the justice of the system of modern family law, change the disadvantageous position of traditional birth in the legal relationship of men always at the end of the weak; thirdly, it is also a very important point, is also reflected in the government should take appropriate safeguard responsibility for male reproductive rights. For example, the current "social insurance law > or later may be made The special "maternity insurance law > level to give men to maternity leave; in addition, the terms of the constitution as the basic national policy of family planning policy in the implementation process of the men included the reproductive rights of citizens are too restrictive, the need for constitutional adjustment accordingly.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：湘潭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D921

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本文編號(hào)：1536859