本文選題：刑事人身檢查 + 人權(quán)保障��； 參考：《西南政法大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】：刑事人身檢查(以下簡稱人身檢查)又稱身體檢查、活體檢查,它是指偵查人員在刑事訴訟過程中,以人的身體為對象,采用體表查看或身體樣本采集方式所進(jìn)行的一種調(diào)查取證活動。這項措施在刑事案件偵查中起到了重要作用,尤其是隨著現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)(如DNA識別)在偵查領(lǐng)域的大量運用,人身檢查在身份同一性識別、生物痕跡比對等方面發(fā)揮了其他偵查行為所不具有的獨特功能。但和其他偵查行為一樣,人身檢查也猶如一柄“雙刃劍”,在給刑事案件偵查帶來便利的同時,它也給公民權(quán)益帶來威脅,更由于人身檢查是直接針對人的身體所實施,因而它對公民隱私權(quán)、身體權(quán)等權(quán)利所造成的潛在威脅又比其他偵查行為更為明顯。因此,當(dāng)前世界上許多國家和地區(qū)都在刑事訴訟法中將人身檢查作為重要內(nèi)容之一加以細(xì)化規(guī)定,并隨著時代的發(fā)展不斷對其調(diào)整和完善,從而形成了各具特色的人身檢查制度。而從我國情況來看,現(xiàn)行刑事訴訟法關(guān)于人身檢查的相關(guān)規(guī)定簡單且粗疏,明顯滯后于實踐發(fā)展的需要,立法供給的不足使得這一措施在實踐運行之中出現(xiàn)了一系列問題,這些問題的存在暴露出現(xiàn)行人身檢查制度之規(guī)定既不利于權(quán)利保護(hù),也不利于犯罪控制。因此從程序法的角度研究這一偵查措施的法律規(guī)制,不僅具有重要的理論價值,也是實踐中的迫切需要。正是在此背景下,筆者選取了“人身檢查制度”作為自己的博士論文選題。 本論文以人身檢查制度的法律完善為主線,圍繞人身檢查制度的法理基礎(chǔ)、制度設(shè)置和實踐狀況三大核心問題展開,力圖實現(xiàn)以下三個目標(biāo)：一是力求比較深入地探討人身檢查制度的有關(guān)基本理論問題,以期更加準(zhǔn)確、全面地把握這一偵查手段的本質(zhì),為完善我國人身檢查制度奠定理論基礎(chǔ)；二是力求全面闡釋主要法治國家和地區(qū)有關(guān)人身檢查制度立法的基本經(jīng)驗,揭示其共同理念和發(fā)展趨勢,以期為我國人身檢查制度的完善提供有益參照和借鑒；三是力求對我國人身檢查實踐現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行一定深度的實證研究,分析我國人身檢查制度完善的必要性及可行性,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對我國人身檢查制度的完善提出自己的見解。全文除引言外,由四章組成。 第一章從四個方面對人身檢查的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了闡述,以期為人身檢查制度問題的研究奠定理論基礎(chǔ)。人身檢查制度問題的研究始于人身檢查,因此本章在第一部分即對人身檢查的基本內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行了闡釋,這種闡述是從范圍、性質(zhì)和種類三個方面展開。本部分首先對本文研究意義上的人身檢查之范圍進(jìn)行了界定,指出人身檢查是偵查人員在刑事實施過程中,以人的身體為對象,采用體表查看和身體樣本采集方式所進(jìn)行的一種調(diào)查取證活動,人身檢查的范圍既包括對被檢查人身體表征查看,也包括對被檢查人身體樣本的采集和利用。范圍界定之后,如何理解人身檢查的性質(zhì)?這是本部分所要繼續(xù)探求的一個問題,本部分首先分析了強制偵查行為與任意偵查行為的區(qū)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),進(jìn)而指出人身檢查的雙重屬性特征,在此前提下將人身檢查與(人身)搜查、勘驗、鑒定這三種在性質(zhì)或功能上與其有交叉的刑事訴訟措施進(jìn)行了辨析,并對“刑事人身檢查”與“行政人身檢查”之區(qū)別與聯(lián)系進(jìn)行了解釋,以期能夠準(zhǔn)確把握人身檢查的基本屬性。而依據(jù)不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn),人身檢查又可以分為對被追訴者的檢查與對第三人的人身檢查、體表檢查與體內(nèi)檢查、私密性檢查與非私密性檢查、個案調(diào)查性檢查與建庫性檢查幾種,因此本章緊接著對人身檢查進(jìn)行了分類研究,其意義在于理解對不同類型的人身檢查設(shè)置不同程序要求的原因和目的所在。人身檢查作為一種取證手段來定性當(dāng)無異議,而證據(jù)包含兩層含義：其一是作為證據(jù)資料,即案件中遺留下的主觀印象痕跡和客觀物質(zhì)痕跡；其二是證據(jù)方法,即發(fā)掘證據(jù)資料并將其運用于訴訟的方法和手段,那么不同人身檢查方法獲取的證據(jù)資料的表現(xiàn)形態(tài)與證據(jù)方法有無不同?這是本章所要繼續(xù)探析的一個內(nèi)容。本章首先對人身檢查的方法進(jìn)行了介紹,接著又對通過上述方法取得的證據(jù)資料的表現(xiàn)形態(tài)和證據(jù)屬性進(jìn)行了分析。從整體上看,人身檢查的方法可分為身體表征查看和身體物理痕跡、組織物、體液等樣本提取兩種,而根據(jù)檢查方法的不同,人身檢查資料的表現(xiàn)形態(tài)又可以分為人身檢查記錄和身體樣本兩種。其中,人身檢查記錄從證據(jù)屬性上屬于書證的一種,其在訴訟中的表現(xiàn)形式通常為人身檢查筆錄；身體樣本本質(zhì)上屬于物證的一種,但微量物證的特點決定了其往往需要借助鑒定方式才能將其所蘊含之證據(jù)信息予以展示,因此身體樣本在訴訟中是以鑒定結(jié)論(鑒定人)的證據(jù)形式存在。全面分析人身檢查資料的屬性和特征之意義在于更加全面地認(rèn)識人身檢查在刑事訴訟中的功能以及地位。而在現(xiàn)代社會,設(shè)計訴訟程序的目的無非有兩個：規(guī)制權(quán)力以保證其合乎目的運作；保障權(quán)利以維護(hù)權(quán)力相對人自治,人身檢查度亦不例外,其產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展都與國家權(quán)力的正確行使以及公民權(quán)利的保障密切有關(guān),理論上對二者關(guān)系的不同解讀,必然會對人身檢查制度的設(shè)計產(chǎn)生影響。因此本章在前述分析基礎(chǔ)之上,又對人身檢查權(quán)與公民權(quán)利這組命題之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了揭示和分析,以求解釋和發(fā)現(xiàn)人身檢查制度設(shè)計中所蘊含的價值理念。此外,從制度的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展角度來看,作為國家意義上的人身制度又是刑事訴訟程序發(fā)展到一定歷史階段的產(chǎn)物,它是與社會對犯罪觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變、國家對社會控制手段的不斷完善相適應(yīng)的,本章在最后對人身檢查制度的產(chǎn)生基礎(chǔ)、發(fā)展脈絡(luò)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)考察,進(jìn)而對人身檢查制度的發(fā)展特點及趨勢進(jìn)行了歸納和分析,從而得出人身檢查制度必須根據(jù)現(xiàn)實發(fā)展情況不斷調(diào)整和完善這一結(jié)論,而這正是本文的落腳點——修改和完善我國現(xiàn)行人身檢查制度的邏輯起點所在。 第二章對當(dāng)前世界上一些主要法治國家和地區(qū)的人身檢查制度之立法狀況進(jìn)行了比較考察,并從中歸納出人身檢查制度的共同基礎(chǔ)和發(fā)展趨勢,以期為我國人身檢查制度的完善提供有益參照和借鑒。本章之考察主要圍繞人身檢查的立法模式、人身檢查的程序和非法人身檢查的救濟機制三個方面展開。從立法模式看,由于訴訟結(jié)構(gòu)和立法傳統(tǒng)的不同,各國對于人身檢查的法律定位有所不同,具體來看,主要有搜查模式、附屬模式、獨立模式三種,本章對上述三種模式的產(chǎn)生原因及其不同特點進(jìn)行了考察和分析,以期揭示不同立法模式之下人身檢查制度設(shè)計的側(cè)重點所在。以此為前提,本章又對人身檢查程序的具體規(guī)定狀況進(jìn)行了考察,考察主要圍繞人身檢查的啟動理由、審批程序、實施要求、被檢查人的權(quán)利保障、人身檢查樣本的處理規(guī)則和“撒網(wǎng)采驗DNA”六個方面展開,系統(tǒng)揭示和分析了不同國家或地區(qū)在人身檢查程序的制度基礎(chǔ)和發(fā)展特點,這部分是本章的重心所在�！坝袡�(quán)利必有救濟”,為了保障公民的合法權(quán)利不被偵查機關(guān)濫用人身檢查權(quán)所侵害,又必然需要建立起對違法人身檢查行為的救濟機制,這也是人身檢查制度必不可少的一個部分,因此本章也對一些代表性國家和地區(qū)的救濟機制設(shè)置情況也進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)考察。在上文考察基礎(chǔ)上,本章在最后對上述國家或地區(qū)人身檢查制度的立法狀況進(jìn)行了綜合評價,并從中歸納出了這一制度的共同規(guī)律和發(fā)展趨勢,以期能夠為審視我國人身檢查制度的現(xiàn)狀、完善我國人身檢查制度提供有益的參照和啟不。 第三章從立法和實踐兩個層面認(rèn)真審視了我國人身檢查制度的現(xiàn)狀及存在問題,并對這些問題給出了全面的分析與解釋。本章首先對我國人身檢查制度的立法情況進(jìn)行了回顧,指出了我國人身檢查制度在立法層面存在的主要問題。而實踐現(xiàn)狀的考察則是本章的重點內(nèi)容所在,本章主要通過人身檢查的主要方法和適用案件類型、人身檢查程序的啟動、人身檢查的對象、人身檢查的執(zhí)行、人身檢查權(quán)的制約機制和非法人身檢查的救濟狀況六個方面對我國人身檢查制度的實踐狀況進(jìn)行考察。為了盡可能全面還原我國人身檢查實踐運行的真實狀況,本章對上述內(nèi)容的考察主要采用典型案例分析與實證調(diào)查相結(jié)合的研究方法進(jìn)行。在上述考察基礎(chǔ)上,本章最后指出了我國人身檢查制度所存在的問題,并對我國人身檢查制度的整體現(xiàn)狀做出了評價。本章將我國人身檢查制度所存在的問題概括為三個方面,即：人身檢查的法律授權(quán)不夠明確、人身檢查權(quán)的行使缺乏有效制約、對被檢查人的權(quán)利保障不足。上述問題的存在使得我國人身檢查實踐呈現(xiàn)出了一種片面強調(diào)犯罪控制的趨勢,而人權(quán)保障卻被弱化甚至虛置,這與當(dāng)代法治國家的要求相距甚遠(yuǎn),因此本章最后得出了我國現(xiàn)行人身檢查制度有必要進(jìn)行完善這一結(jié)論,而這也正是本文研究的現(xiàn)實動因。 第四章從三個方面對我國人身檢查制度的立法完善進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析和闡述,這是本文研究的最終落腳點所在。本章首先論證了完善我國人身檢查制度的必要性和可行性。文章指出,隨著我國法治化進(jìn)程的不斷推進(jìn),我國已經(jīng)由“立法時代”進(jìn)入了“修法時代”,在這種歷史背景之下,現(xiàn)行刑事訴訟法也面臨再修改的歷史契機,而只有通過具體制度的分別完善才能推動我國刑事訴訟法的整體發(fā)展。人身檢查制度的完善即在此背景下提出,對其完善既是法律發(fā)展的必然趨勢,也是對現(xiàn)實需求的及時回應(yīng)。接著,本章又對完善我國人身檢查制度時可能遇到的主要障礙因素進(jìn)行了分析,以使所提出的建議更具現(xiàn)實性和合理性。在前述論證基礎(chǔ)上,本章在最后提出了完善我國人身檢查制度的思路。完善我國人身檢查制度有一條基本的原則,就是應(yīng)當(dāng)確立一個價值取向堅定,但囿于國情而尊重改革之漸進(jìn)性的立法進(jìn)路。因此本文提出可以采用一種分階段推進(jìn)、遠(yuǎn)期目標(biāo)與近期目標(biāo)相結(jié)合、由易到難的方式對我國人身檢查制度進(jìn)行改革：遠(yuǎn)期目標(biāo)即為實現(xiàn)人身檢查的決定權(quán)與執(zhí)行權(quán)實質(zhì)分離,將侵權(quán)性較強的人身措施的啟動決定權(quán)以及對違法人身檢查的救濟權(quán)交由中立的司法機關(guān)(法院)來行使；近期目標(biāo)則是在現(xiàn)有體制框架內(nèi)保持權(quán)力配置模式整體不變,通過解決一些突出性問題來規(guī)范人身檢查權(quán)的行使。具體而言,現(xiàn)階段我國人身檢查制度的完善應(yīng)在維持原有立法模式不變的前提下進(jìn)行,完善之內(nèi)容則包括確立人身檢查分類制度、界定人身檢查的實施對象、限定人身檢查的啟動條件、明確人身檢查的審批機制、規(guī)范人身檢查的實施程序、強化人身檢查中的權(quán)利保障、完善配套制度幾個方面。對于所提建議,本章分別對其提出依據(jù)和實施基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行了論證,以期使其更具針對性和可行性。
[Abstract]:The physical examination (hereinafter referred to as the personal examination), also known as the physical examination, and the physical examination, refers to a survey and evidence collection activity carried out by the investigators in the process of criminal proceedings, taking the body as the object, using the body surface examination or the collection of body samples. This measure plays an important role in the investigation of criminal cases, especially in the case of the criminal cases. With the extensive use of modern medical technology (such as DNA recognition) in the field of investigation, personal examination is recognized in identity and identity. Biological traces have played a unique function that other investigative acts do not have. But as with other investigative acts, personal examination is like a "double-edged sword", which is convenient for criminal investigation. At the same time, it also poses a threat to the rights and interests of citizens, even more because the physical examination is carried out directly to the human body. Therefore, the potential threat to citizens' right to privacy and body rights is more obvious than other investigative actions. Therefore, many countries and regions in the world have taken the personal examination as a heavy duty in the criminal procedure law. According to the situation of our country, the relevant provisions of the current criminal procedure law on personal examination are simple and infrequent, which is obviously lagging behind the needs of practice and the shortage of legislative supply. There are a series of problems in the practice of the practice. The existence of these problems reveals that the regulations of the pedestrian examination system are not conducive to the protection of the rights and the control of the crime. Therefore, it is not only of great theoretical value but also an urgent need to study the legal regulation of this investigation measure from the perspective of procedural law. It is against this background that the author chooses the "personal examination system" as the topic of his doctoral dissertation.
This paper, taking the legal perfection of the system of personal examination as the main line, focuses on the three core issues of the legal basis of the system of personal examination, the establishment of the system and the situation of practice, and tries to achieve the following three goals: one is to make a more thorough discussion on the basic theoretical issues of the system of personal examination so as to make it more accurate and comprehensive. The essence of investigation means lay a theoretical foundation for perfecting the system of personal examination in our country; two is to explain the basic experience of the legislation of the person's body inspection system in the main countries and regions of the main rule of law, and to reveal its common idea and trend of development so as to provide useful reference and reference for the good of the system of personal examination in our country; and the three is to make every effort to do so A certain depth of empirical research on the practice of physical examination in China is carried out to analyze the necessity and feasibility of the perfection of the system of personal examination in China, and on this basis, the author puts forward his own views on the perfection of the system of personal examination in China. The full text is composed of four chapters except the introduction.
The first chapter expounds the basic contents of the personal examination from four aspects, in order to lay a theoretical foundation for the study of the system of personal examination. The study of the system of personal examination begins with the physical examination. Therefore, this chapter explains the basic connotation of the personal examination in the first part, which is from the scope, nature and type. The three part begins with the definition of the scope of the personal examination in this paper. It is pointed out that the personal examination is a kind of investigation and forensics conducted by the investigator in the process of criminal execution, taking the body as the object, using the body watch and the collection of body samples, and the scope of the person's body examination includes both the person and the person. The examination of the physical representation of the person, including the collection and use of the body samples of the inspected. After the scope, how to understand the nature of the physical examination? This is a problem that this part needs to continue to seek. This part first analyzes the criteria for the distinction between compulsory investigation and arbitrary investigation, and then points out the dual nature of personal examination. On the basis of this, the three kinds of criminal procedure measures, such as personal examination and (personal) search, inspection and identification, which are intersecting with them in nature or function are analyzed, and the difference and connection between "criminal personal examination" and "administrative personal examination" are explained in order to accurately grasp the basic attributes of the personal examination. According to the different standards, the personal examination can be divided into the examination of the accused and the physical examination of the third people, the body surface examination and the body examination, the privacy check and the non secret check, the case investigation and the library examination. The reasons and aims of different types of personal examination are set up for different procedures. As a means of obtaining evidence, personal examination is qualitative when there is no objection, and the evidence contains two meanings: one is the evidence material, that is, the subjective impression of the case and the objective material traces left in the case, and the other is the evidence method, that is to excavate the evidence capital. Is there any difference in the form of evidence obtained by different personal examination methods and the method of evidence? This is a content to be discussed in this chapter. This chapter first introduces the methods of personal examination, and then the performance of the evidence obtained through the above methods. On the whole, the method of personal examination can be divided into two kinds of samples, such as body characterization view and physical physical trace, tissue, body fluid, and other samples. According to the different examination methods, the form of physical examination data can be divided into two kinds of physical examination records and body samples. Among them, the physical examination can be divided into human body examination and body examination. Records are a kind of documentary evidence from the attribute of evidence. The form of the record is usually a personal record in a lawsuit; the body sample is essentially a kind of material evidence, but the characteristics of the trace evidence determine that it often needs the means of identification to display the evidence contained in it, so the body sample is in the lawsuit. The significance of a comprehensive analysis of the attributes and characteristics of the personal examination data is to fully understand the function and status of the physical examination in criminal proceedings. In modern society, there are two purposes for the design of the procedure: the regulation of power to ensure its objective operation; Right to safeguard the autonomy of the power relative to people, and the degree of personal examination is no exception, its production and development are closely related to the correct exercise of the state power and the protection of civil rights. In theory, the different interpretation of the relationship between the two will inevitably affect the design of the system of personal examination. The relationship between the right of inspection and the proposition of civil rights is revealed and analyzed in order to explain and discover the values contained in the design of the system of personal examination. In addition, from the point of view of the generation and development of the system, the personal system in the sense of the state is the product of the development of the criminal litigation procedure to a certain historical stage. With the transformation of the concept of crime and the continuous improvement of the means of social control by the state, this chapter makes a systematic review of the basis and development of the system of personal examination at the end of the chapter, and then sums up the characteristics and trends of the development of the system of personal examination, and concludes that the system of personal examination must be based on reality. This conclusion is constantly adjusted and perfected, and this is the foothold of this article -- the logical starting point of revising and perfecting our current system of personal examination.
The second chapter makes a comparative study on the legislative status of the system of personal examination in some of the main countries and regions in the world, and summarizes the common basis and development trend of the system of personal examination, in order to provide useful reference and reference for the improvement of the system of personal examination in China. The legislative mode, the procedure of personal examination and the relief mechanism of the illegal personal examination are carried out in three aspects. From the legislative pattern, because of the difference between the litigation structure and the legislative tradition, the legal orientation of the personal examination is different in various countries. In particular, there are mainly the search modes, the attachment mode, the independent model of three kinds, and the above three modes. The cause and the different characteristics are investigated and analyzed in order to reveal the emphasis of the design of the personal examination system under different legislative modes. On the basis of this, this chapter also investigates the specific conditions of the personal examination procedures, and investigates the reasons for starting, examination and approval procedures, the implementation requirements, and the inspection. The protection of human rights, the handling rules of the personal examination samples and the "DNA inspection of the net" are carried out in six aspects. The system reveals and analyzes the system basis and development characteristics of the personal examination procedures in different countries or regions. This part is the focus of this chapter. "There is a right must have relief", in order to ensure that the legal rights of citizens are not detected. It is also a necessary part of the personal inspection system, which is also a necessary part of the personal inspection system. Therefore, this chapter also makes a systematic investigation on the setting of relief mechanism in some representative countries and regions. After the comprehensive evaluation of the legislative status of the system of personal examination in the above-mentioned countries or regions, the common law and development trend of the system are summed up, with a view to providing useful reference and reopening for examining the status of the system of personal examination in our country and improving the system of personal examination in our country.
The third chapter carefully examines the status and problems of the system of personal examination in China from two aspects of legislation and practice, and gives a comprehensive analysis and explanation of these problems. This chapter first reviews the legislative situation of the system of personal examination in our country, and points out the main problems in the legislative level of the system of personal inspection and inspection in our country. The study of the present situation is the key part of this chapter. This chapter is mainly based on the main methods and application cases of personal examination, the starting of the personal examination procedure, the object of personal examination, the implementation of the personal examination, the restriction mechanism of the personal inspection right and the relief status of the illegal personal examination in the six aspects of the personal examination system in China. In order to fully restore the actual situation of the practice of the physical examination in China as far as possible, this chapter mainly uses the research method combining the typical case analysis and the empirical investigation. On the basis of the above investigation, the chapter finally points out the problems existing in the system of personal examination in our country. This chapter sums up the overall status of the system of personal examination in China. This chapter summarizes the problems in the system of personal examination in our country as three aspects, namely: the legal authorization of the personal examination is not clear enough, the exercise of the right of personal examination is not effectively restricted and the rights and protection of the inspectors are insufficient. The practice shows a tendency to emphasize the control of crime unilaterally, but the protection of human rights is weakened or even empty, which is far apart from the requirements of the modern rule of law. Therefore, this chapter finally draws the conclusion that the current personal examination system in China is necessary to improve this conclusion, and this is the actual cause of this study.
The fourth chapter makes a detailed analysis and exposition of the legislative perfection of the system of personal examination in China from three aspects. This is the final point of this study. This chapter first demonstrates the necessity and feasibility of perfecting the system of personal examination in our country. In this historical background, the present criminal procedure law is also faced with the historical opportunity to revise the criminal procedure law. Only through the improvement of the specific system can we promote the overall development of the criminal procedure law in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D925.2

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