殯葬改革背景下墓地的物權(quán)模式研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-03-17 09:38
【摘要】：隨著我國人口老齡化速度的不斷加快,以及國家城鎮(zhèn)化進程的不斷推進,近幾年墓地的供給呈現(xiàn)出前所未有的緊張局勢,已經(jīng)不能滿足現(xiàn)實社會的需要。盡管各級地方政府在原有墓地數(shù)量基礎(chǔ)上,又不斷推行新的殯葬方式,以求達到社會供求關(guān)系的平衡,但事實上取得的收效甚微。在“人地”矛盾不斷激化的今天,墓地的改革已經(jīng)迫在眉睫,無論政府是推行生態(tài)殯葬還是綠色殯葬,其改革的焦點仍然應(yīng)該是土地�，F(xiàn)有的法律并未對墓地的權(quán)屬做出明確的規(guī)定,更多是依賴于政策法規(guī)、民風(fēng)民俗。但這些模式并不能將墓地進行完全的規(guī)范化管理,因此墓地物權(quán)化是必然的趨勢。墓地所涉及的權(quán)利是一種用益物權(quán),但又不同于傳統(tǒng)的用益物權(quán),它不能重復(fù)利用也不具有收益性,因此筆者認(rèn)為墓地所涉及的權(quán)利是一種獨立且新型的用益物權(quán),即特許用益物權(quán)。在法學(xué)領(lǐng)域,從現(xiàn)有的研究成果來看,國內(nèi)的學(xué)術(shù)研究大多集中于單獨對農(nóng)村公益性墓地或城市經(jīng)營性墓地的研究。從國內(nèi)的法律法規(guī)來看,《殯葬管理條例》與《公墓管理暫行辦法》僅停留在行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章的層面上,其他相關(guān)的規(guī)定存在于零星的法律條款當(dāng)中,且有諸多矛盾與漏洞。由于相關(guān)立法工作的滯后,導(dǎo)致墓地糾紛也不斷增加。因此,我國對于墓地的權(quán)屬性質(zhì)、變動規(guī)則和使用期限等問題亟需相應(yīng)的法律來加以規(guī)范。全文正文除引言和結(jié)語之外分為五個部分:第一部分闡述了論文的研究背景、研究現(xiàn)狀與研究方法、研究意義。這部分在闡述了研究背景、現(xiàn)狀和方法的基礎(chǔ)之上,得出本文的研究意義:第一,通過對墓地權(quán)屬性質(zhì)等的研究,為墓地使用的物權(quán)化提供學(xué)術(shù)理論支持;第二,以墓地使用的物權(quán)化,為土地資源的科學(xué)利用,墓地的生態(tài)化提供法律路徑。第二部分是我國墓地的基本法律理論。這部分包括對我國的墓地進行概括性的闡述,并列出三種關(guān)于墓地權(quán)屬性質(zhì)的學(xué)說,即租賃權(quán)說、用益物權(quán)說、特許用益物權(quán)說,對三種學(xué)說的合理和不足之處做出評析。第三部分是我國現(xiàn)有墓地模式中存在的主要問題,包括:墓地的權(quán)利主體囫圇不明、變動規(guī)則武斷殘缺、使用期限不盡合理等。第四部分是通過對域外墓地法律模式的比較,得到我國墓地物權(quán)模式的啟示。美國與韓國都將墓地使用權(quán)認(rèn)定為物權(quán);英國和日本實現(xiàn)了墓地的重復(fù)、分層利用。我國的墓地性質(zhì)和樣態(tài)設(shè)計可以此為參考。第五部分對我國墓地的物權(quán)模式進行設(shè)計。通過前文分析,筆者認(rèn)為將墓地所涉及的權(quán)利確認(rèn)為一種墓地使用權(quán)是科學(xué)的選擇,將其作為一種特許用益物權(quán)有其必要性和可行性。其次對墓地使用權(quán)制度的構(gòu)建提出了框架性的建議。第六部分為結(jié)語。
[Abstract]:With the acceleration of population aging rate and the advancement of national urbanization, the supply of cemeteries in recent years presents an unprecedented tension, and can not meet the needs of the real society. Although local governments at all levels continue to implement new funeral methods on the basis of the original number of cemeteries in order to achieve a balance between the supply and demand of the society, in fact, little has been achieved. Nowadays, the contradiction between "man-land" and "man-land" is intensifying, the reform of cemeteries is imminent. No matter whether the government is carrying out ecological funeral or green funeral burial, the focus of reform should still be land. Existing laws do not make clear provisions on the ownership of cemeteries, and rely more on policies and regulations, folk customs and customs. However, these patterns can not completely standardize the management of cemeteries, so the ownership of cemeteries is an inevitable trend. The right involved in the cemeteries is a kind of usufruct, but different from the traditional usufruct, it can not be reused and has no profit. Therefore, the author thinks that the right involved in the cemetery is an independent and new type of usufruct. That is, chartered usufruct. In the field of law, from the existing research results, most of the domestic academic research focuses on the study of rural public welfare cemeteries or urban operating cemeteries alone. From the point of view of domestic laws and regulations, the regulations on the Administration of Funeral and burial and the Provisional measures for the Administration of Cemetery remain only at the level of administrative regulations and departmental regulations, and other relevant provisions exist in sporadic legal provisions. And there are many contradictions and loopholes. Due to the lag of the relevant legislative work, the dispute over cemeteries is also increasing. Therefore, the ownership of cemeteries, the rules of change and the duration of use of cemeteries need to be regulated by relevant laws. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the main text is divided into five parts: the first part describes the research background, research status, research methods, research significance. On the basis of expounding the research background, the present situation and the method, this part draws the research significance of this paper: first, through the study of the nature of the ownership of the cemetery, to provide the academic theoretical support for the use of the property right of the cemetery; Secondly, it provides a legal path for the scientific utilization of land resources and the ecologicalization of cemeteries with the property rights used by cemeteries. The second part is the basic legal theory of cemeteries in China. This part includes a general exposition of the cemeteries in our country, and lists three theories about the nature of the ownership of cemeteries, that is, the theory of leasehold, the theory of usufruct, the theory of chartered usufruct, and the analysis of the reasonableness and inadequacies of the three theories. The third part is the main problems existing in the pattern of cemeteries in our country, including: the main body of rights of cemeteries is not clear, the rules of change are arbitrary and incomplete, and the period of use is unreasonable, and so on. The fourth part is through the comparison of the legal model of the extra-territorial cemeteries, we get the enlightenment of the real rights model of the cemeteries. Both the United States and South Korea have recognized the right to use cemeteries as real rights; the United Kingdom and Japan have made repeated and hierarchical use of cemeteries. The nature and pattern design of cemeteries in our country can be used as reference. The fifth part designs the real right mode of cemeteries in our country. Through the previous analysis, the author believes that it is a scientific choice to recognize the rights involved in cemeteries as a kind of right to use cemeteries, and that it is necessary and feasible to use them as a kind of licensed usufruct. Secondly, it puts forward the frame suggestion on the construction of the system of the right to use the cemeteries. The sixth part is the conclusion.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D923.2
本文編號：2442164
[Abstract]:With the acceleration of population aging rate and the advancement of national urbanization, the supply of cemeteries in recent years presents an unprecedented tension, and can not meet the needs of the real society. Although local governments at all levels continue to implement new funeral methods on the basis of the original number of cemeteries in order to achieve a balance between the supply and demand of the society, in fact, little has been achieved. Nowadays, the contradiction between "man-land" and "man-land" is intensifying, the reform of cemeteries is imminent. No matter whether the government is carrying out ecological funeral or green funeral burial, the focus of reform should still be land. Existing laws do not make clear provisions on the ownership of cemeteries, and rely more on policies and regulations, folk customs and customs. However, these patterns can not completely standardize the management of cemeteries, so the ownership of cemeteries is an inevitable trend. The right involved in the cemeteries is a kind of usufruct, but different from the traditional usufruct, it can not be reused and has no profit. Therefore, the author thinks that the right involved in the cemetery is an independent and new type of usufruct. That is, chartered usufruct. In the field of law, from the existing research results, most of the domestic academic research focuses on the study of rural public welfare cemeteries or urban operating cemeteries alone. From the point of view of domestic laws and regulations, the regulations on the Administration of Funeral and burial and the Provisional measures for the Administration of Cemetery remain only at the level of administrative regulations and departmental regulations, and other relevant provisions exist in sporadic legal provisions. And there are many contradictions and loopholes. Due to the lag of the relevant legislative work, the dispute over cemeteries is also increasing. Therefore, the ownership of cemeteries, the rules of change and the duration of use of cemeteries need to be regulated by relevant laws. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the main text is divided into five parts: the first part describes the research background, research status, research methods, research significance. On the basis of expounding the research background, the present situation and the method, this part draws the research significance of this paper: first, through the study of the nature of the ownership of the cemetery, to provide the academic theoretical support for the use of the property right of the cemetery; Secondly, it provides a legal path for the scientific utilization of land resources and the ecologicalization of cemeteries with the property rights used by cemeteries. The second part is the basic legal theory of cemeteries in China. This part includes a general exposition of the cemeteries in our country, and lists three theories about the nature of the ownership of cemeteries, that is, the theory of leasehold, the theory of usufruct, the theory of chartered usufruct, and the analysis of the reasonableness and inadequacies of the three theories. The third part is the main problems existing in the pattern of cemeteries in our country, including: the main body of rights of cemeteries is not clear, the rules of change are arbitrary and incomplete, and the period of use is unreasonable, and so on. The fourth part is through the comparison of the legal model of the extra-territorial cemeteries, we get the enlightenment of the real rights model of the cemeteries. Both the United States and South Korea have recognized the right to use cemeteries as real rights; the United Kingdom and Japan have made repeated and hierarchical use of cemeteries. The nature and pattern design of cemeteries in our country can be used as reference. The fifth part designs the real right mode of cemeteries in our country. Through the previous analysis, the author believes that it is a scientific choice to recognize the rights involved in cemeteries as a kind of right to use cemeteries, and that it is necessary and feasible to use them as a kind of licensed usufruct. Secondly, it puts forward the frame suggestion on the construction of the system of the right to use the cemeteries. The sixth part is the conclusion.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D923.2
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