論冷凍胚胎的法律保護
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-14 15:26
【摘要】：無錫冷凍胚胎繼承案自發(fā)案以來引起了民眾的廣泛關(guān)注,民法學(xué)界亦對冷凍胚胎的法律屬性、權(quán)利歸屬等問題展開了激烈的爭論。無錫冷凍胚胎案一方面揭示了人工生殖技術(shù)迅猛發(fā)展下給人類傳統(tǒng)倫理帶來的挑戰(zhàn),另一方面也給傳統(tǒng)民法理論中人物二元格局的劃分提出了新的標準。國外案例及立法顯示,對于冷凍胚胎法律屬性呈現(xiàn)三種立場,一種為注重其人格屬性的主體說,根據(jù)對胚胎的主體屬性的具體保護范圍不同分為有限自然人說、法律擬制人說、身體器官權(quán)說;一種為注重其物權(quán)屬性的客體說,將胚胎作為物保護的程度和具體限制不同分為物權(quán)直接客體說、倫理物、財產(chǎn)說;最后一種為突破傳統(tǒng)民法理論人物二元格局,創(chuàng)立第三領(lǐng)域,兼具保護胚胎上所含之人格利益與財產(chǎn)利益的中介說,以其立法具體規(guī)制不同而分為私生活利益說、人格利益說。現(xiàn)在立法和學(xué)界以中介說為通說,但學(xué)界對中介說中各國具體如何立法規(guī)制有較大爭論。綜觀各國判例及立法實踐,筆者認為,對于冷凍胚胎的法律屬性宜將之定位為與一般之物有嚴格區(qū)分的特殊物。特殊性在于其倫理屬性和道德地位上體現(xiàn)的人格屬性,基于此,對其保護應(yīng)橫跨物權(quán)法和人格權(quán)法,以最大限度的實現(xiàn)冷凍胚胎的人格屬性和財產(chǎn)屬性的雙重保護。同時,由于冷凍胚胎上所有人和權(quán)利人權(quán)利范圍存在差異,故應(yīng)區(qū)分所有人和權(quán)利人來規(guī)定二者的權(quán)利范圍和權(quán)利限制�，F(xiàn)我國對于冷凍胚胎法律保護的條文零星分布于幾部效力較低的部門規(guī)章中,且規(guī)定的內(nèi)容未涉及法律屬性和具體權(quán)利人的權(quán)利范圍等核心問題,急需從制度構(gòu)建上對冷凍胚胎的法律保護進行完善。筆者認為,我國可借鑒國外對胚胎保護的相關(guān)判例和立法,具體可選擇性引進胚胎收養(yǎng)制度,配備兼具物權(quán)請求權(quán)和人格權(quán)請求權(quán)的請求權(quán)聚合的司法救濟方式,以期建立完整的冷凍胚胎法律保護制度。
[Abstract]:Since the spontaneous succession case of frozen embryos in Wuxi has aroused widespread concern, the civil law community has also launched a fierce debate on the legal attributes of frozen embryos and the attribution of rights. On the one hand, the case of frozen embryos in Wuxi reveals the challenge to human traditional ethics brought by the rapid development of artificial reproduction technology, on the other hand, it also puts forward a new standard for the division of dual pattern of human beings in the theory of traditional civil law. Foreign cases and legislation show that there are three positions on the legal attributes of frozen embryos. One is the subject theory that pays attention to its personality attribute. According to the specific protection scope of the subject attribute of embryo, it can be divided into limited natural person theory and legal fictitious theory. The theory of body organ right: one is the object theory, which regards embryo as object protection and the specific limitation is divided into real right direct object theory, ethics object theory and property theory. Finally, in order to break through the dual pattern of traditional civil law theory, to establish the third field, to protect the interests of personality and property in embryo, the last one is divided into private life interest theory and personality interest theory according to its specific regulation. Now the legislation and the academic circles take the intermediary theory as the general theory, but the academic circles have the bigger dispute about how to legislate the regulation in the intermediary theory. The author considers that the legal attributes of frozen embryos should be defined as special objects which are strictly distinguished from general objects. The particularity lies in its ethical attribute and the personality attribute reflected in the moral status. Based on this, the protection of the frozen embryo should straddle the property law and the personality right law, so as to realize the dual protection of the personality attribute and the property attribute of the frozen embryo to the maximum extent. At the same time, due to the differences between the rights of the owner and the right holder in frozen embryos, it is necessary to distinguish the owner and the right holder to define the scope and limitation of their rights. At present, the provisions of legal protection for frozen embryos in China are scattered in several less effective departmental regulations, and the contents of the provisions do not involve the core issues such as legal attributes and the scope of rights of specific rights holders, etc. It is urgent to perfect the legal protection of frozen embryos in terms of system construction. The author believes that our country can draw lessons from the relevant cases and legislation of foreign countries on embryo protection, introduce the system of embryo adoption selectively, and provide the judicial relief mode of the aggregation of claims with both real right and personality right. In order to establish a complete legal protection system of frozen embryos.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923
[Abstract]:Since the spontaneous succession case of frozen embryos in Wuxi has aroused widespread concern, the civil law community has also launched a fierce debate on the legal attributes of frozen embryos and the attribution of rights. On the one hand, the case of frozen embryos in Wuxi reveals the challenge to human traditional ethics brought by the rapid development of artificial reproduction technology, on the other hand, it also puts forward a new standard for the division of dual pattern of human beings in the theory of traditional civil law. Foreign cases and legislation show that there are three positions on the legal attributes of frozen embryos. One is the subject theory that pays attention to its personality attribute. According to the specific protection scope of the subject attribute of embryo, it can be divided into limited natural person theory and legal fictitious theory. The theory of body organ right: one is the object theory, which regards embryo as object protection and the specific limitation is divided into real right direct object theory, ethics object theory and property theory. Finally, in order to break through the dual pattern of traditional civil law theory, to establish the third field, to protect the interests of personality and property in embryo, the last one is divided into private life interest theory and personality interest theory according to its specific regulation. Now the legislation and the academic circles take the intermediary theory as the general theory, but the academic circles have the bigger dispute about how to legislate the regulation in the intermediary theory. The author considers that the legal attributes of frozen embryos should be defined as special objects which are strictly distinguished from general objects. The particularity lies in its ethical attribute and the personality attribute reflected in the moral status. Based on this, the protection of the frozen embryo should straddle the property law and the personality right law, so as to realize the dual protection of the personality attribute and the property attribute of the frozen embryo to the maximum extent. At the same time, due to the differences between the rights of the owner and the right holder in frozen embryos, it is necessary to distinguish the owner and the right holder to define the scope and limitation of their rights. At present, the provisions of legal protection for frozen embryos in China are scattered in several less effective departmental regulations, and the contents of the provisions do not involve the core issues such as legal attributes and the scope of rights of specific rights holders, etc. It is urgent to perfect the legal protection of frozen embryos in terms of system construction. The author believes that our country can draw lessons from the relevant cases and legislation of foreign countries on embryo protection, introduce the system of embryo adoption selectively, and provide the judicial relief mode of the aggregation of claims with both real right and personality right. In order to establish a complete legal protection system of frozen embryos.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923
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