本文選題：用人者責(zé)任 + 替代責(zé)任　； 參考：《安徽財經(jīng)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,社會分工日益明確細(xì)密,交易日漸頻繁,市場逐漸繁榮,被使用人作為生產(chǎn)活動的直接實施者,在執(zhí)行用人者指示的工作任務(wù)時,時常侵害到其他人的權(quán)利,由誰承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任的問題隨之提出。為規(guī)制用人者、被使用人和第三人之間的關(guān)系,用人者責(zé)任制度應(yīng)運而生�！肚謾�(quán)責(zé)任法》第34-35條規(guī)定了用人者責(zé)任,即用人者對被使用人在執(zhí)行職務(wù)中對第三人造成的損害承擔(dān)替代責(zé)任,該條是為了保障受害者的利益,而對于用人者自身合法權(quán)益保障問題卻沒有規(guī)定。目前,我國只在司法解釋中規(guī)定了雇主追償權(quán),而且過于原則,僅僅適用于雇主承擔(dān)替代責(zé)任后的追償問題,關(guān)于其他的用人者能否享有追償權(quán)沒有給出明確的規(guī)定。因為民法學(xué)界通常傾向于研究用人者替代責(zé)任,關(guān)于替代責(zé)任由用人者承擔(dān)后的追償權(quán)問題研究沒有引起足夠的重視,所以造成用人者的權(quán)益在司法實踐中要想得到有效的維護(hù)就面臨一定的難度,違背了民法最基本的公平原則,故本文嘗試對用人者追償權(quán)做淺顯的討論,以求教于方家。 全文沿兩條主線展開論述,一是用人者追償制度的基礎(chǔ)理論,二是用人者追償制度的完善,前者為后者提供理論準(zhǔn)備和支撐。 第一部分,用人者追償制度的基礎(chǔ)理論,本部分用三個章節(jié)來論述。 首先,分析用人者追償?shù)暮x、特征及分類。用人者責(zé)任制度是用人者追償制度的前提,故而在分析用人者責(zé)任的規(guī)定前提下,得出用人者追償?shù)暮x；進(jìn)而分析出用人者追償具有派生性、法定性、無過錯性和平衡性的特征；同時,筆者根據(jù)追償?shù)那疤釛l件和追償范圍的不同,將用人者追償分為有償用人者的追償和無償用人者的追償。 其次,探討了用人者追償制度的理論基礎(chǔ),這是該部分論述的重點。在分析國內(nèi)外學(xué)者們主要觀點的基礎(chǔ)上,筆者認(rèn)為用人者追償制度的理論基礎(chǔ)主要有公平責(zé)任、利益平衡和風(fēng)險防范。 最后,討論了用人者追償?shù)某闪⒁�。也即是用人者在何種情況下有權(quán)向被使用人進(jìn)行追償,主要包括主客觀兩方面要件,客觀要件包括用人者承擔(dān)了替代賠償責(zé)任和被使用人存在不當(dāng)職務(wù)行為,主觀要件包括被使用人存在故意和重大過失兩種情形。 第二部分,在理論分析的基礎(chǔ)上,對用人者追償制度的完善提出自己的見解。主要包括立法模式的選擇、追償權(quán)的行使方式和用人者責(zé)任保險的完善。 首先,介紹了國外兩種用人者追償立法模式,英美法系默示的立法模式和大陸法系明示的立法模式,在分析我國關(guān)于用人者責(zé)任追償權(quán)的立法狀況的基礎(chǔ)上,筆者建議選擇大陸法系明示的立法模式,并且建議對《侵權(quán)責(zé)任法》第34條進(jìn)行重塑。 其次,詳細(xì)的討論了追償權(quán)的行駛方式問題。對于追償?shù)姆绞?用人者和被使用人之間有約定的,按約定,如果不存在約定,可以扣除雇員工資中的一部分,扣除的部分應(yīng)低于一定的比例,而且還要考慮維持被使用人基本生活保障的需要；關(guān)于追償?shù)木唧w份額,筆者認(rèn)為國家賠償中法關(guān)于國家追償權(quán)中追償比例做出的規(guī)定很值得借鑒,同時與刑法中對刑期確定的方式相融合,從而對追償權(quán)份額的確定具有影響的因素進(jìn)行分類,即包括具體事實情節(jié)、基本事實情節(jié)兩種,具有決定性影響的是基本事實情節(jié),份額的基本檔位也由其決定,進(jìn)而結(jié)合具體事實情節(jié)做出微調(diào),最終努力確保份額承擔(dān)的相對公平、合理。 最后,在介紹英美國家用人者責(zé)任保險制度的基礎(chǔ)上,筆者分析了我國用人者責(zé)任保險發(fā)展緩慢的原因,并提出應(yīng)當(dāng)強(qiáng)制投保用人者責(zé)任險和相關(guān)法律銜接的建議。
[Abstract]:With the development of our economy , the social division of labor is becoming more and more precise , the transaction is becoming more and more frequent , the market is booming , the person who is used as the direct implementer of production activity , and the question of who bears the liability for compensation is not stipulated .

The whole text is discussed along two main lines , one is the basic theory of the recourse system of the human person , the second is the perfection of the recourse system of the human person , the former provides the theoretical preparation and support for the latter .

The first part , the basic theory of the human recourse system , this part is discussed in three chapters .

Firstly , the author analyzes the meaning , characteristics and classification of the author ' s recovery . The author ' s liability system is the premise of the recourse system of the person , so the meaning of the person ' s recourse is obtained under the premise of analyzing the person ' s liability .
Furthermore , the author analyzes the characteristics of the author ' s recourse to the existence , the law , the fault and the balance .
At the same time , according to the difference of the precondition and the scope of recourse , the author divides the author ' s compensation into the recourse of the paid - use person and the recourse against the non - paid person .

Secondly , the paper discusses the theoretical foundation of the recourse system of human person , which is the focus of this part . On the basis of analyzing the main viewpoints of scholars at home and abroad , the author thinks that the theoretical basis of the author ' s recourse system is the fair responsibility , the balance of interest and the risk prevention .

Finally , the author discusses the establishment of the author ' s recourse , that is , under what circumstances the employing person has the right to pay off to the person to be used , mainly including subjective and objective two aspects , the objective element includes the person who assumes the alternative compensation liability and improper duty behavior of the person to be used , the subjective element includes both the intentional and gross negligence of the used person .

In the second part , on the basis of the theoretical analysis , the author puts forward his own opinions on the perfection of the recourse system of the human person . It mainly includes the choice of the legislative mode , the exercise mode of the right of recourse and the perfection of the person ' s liability insurance .

First of all , the author introduces the legislative model of two kinds of people ' s recourse legislation , the legislative pattern implied by the Anglo - American law system and the legislation pattern of the civil law system . On the basis of analyzing the legislative situation of the right of recourse against the person in China , the author suggests that the legislative model of the civil law system be chosen , and the article 34 of the Law on Liability for Torts should be reshaped .

Secondly , the way of the right of recourse is discussed in detail . For the way of recourse , there is agreement between the employing person and the person to be used . If there is no agreement , it can deduct a part of the employee ' s wages , the deducted part should be lower than a certain proportion , and also consider the need to maintain the basic living security of the employed person ;
With regard to the specific share of recourse , the author holds that the provisions of the law on the proportion of recourse in the right of State recourse are worth reference while being fused with the way of determining the term in the criminal law , which includes the specific factual circumstances , the basic facts and circumstances , the decisive influence is the plot of the basic fact , the basic gear of the share is also decided by it , and then the adjustment is made with the specific factual circumstances , and finally , the relative fairness and rationality of the share is ensured .

Finally , on the basis of introducing the system of the person liability insurance in Anglo - American countries , the author analyzes the causes of the slow development of the person ' s liability insurance in our country , and puts forward the suggestion that the person responsible for insurance and the relevant legal cohesion should be enforced .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽財經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923

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本文編號：1928412