發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-23 14:57

  本文選題：不當(dāng)出生　切入點(diǎn)：民事責(zé)任　出處：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：不當(dāng)出生的概念最早源自美國(guó),指的是因醫(yī)生過(guò)失未診斷出胎兒潛在的先天缺陷或因疏忽未對(duì)胎兒父母履行相應(yīng)告知義務(wù)使其喪失終止妊娠之機(jī)會(huì)而導(dǎo)致了缺陷兒的出生。不當(dāng)出生之訴發(fā)生在孕婦以及與之進(jìn)行產(chǎn)前檢查的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)之間。不當(dāng)出生案件顯然是一類有過(guò)失的醫(yī)療糾紛。在孕婦以及與之進(jìn)行產(chǎn)前檢查的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)醫(yī)療保健合同期間,如果醫(yī)護(hù)人員故意不告知孕婦其腹中胎兒存在先天缺陷,則屬于醫(yī)護(hù)人員個(gè)人違法行為,不在我們討論的范圍之內(nèi)。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,具有胎兒保健專業(yè)知識(shí)的醫(yī)院通過(guò)產(chǎn)前檢查,可以在一定范圍內(nèi)預(yù)見(jiàn)胎兒的情況。我國(guó)公民享有母嬰保健的知情選擇權(quán),這種權(quán)利屬于絕對(duì)權(quán),經(jīng)治醫(yī)生不得隨意侵害。否則雖然嬰兒系先天缺陷,醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)仍需對(duì)其未及時(shí)告知以及未及時(shí)進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)指導(dǎo)的行為承擔(dān)責(zé)任。文章分為四個(gè)部分：第一部分,文章首先對(duì)不當(dāng)出生的概念進(jìn)行了梳理,同時(shí),為了文章分析的需要還與不當(dāng)生命、不當(dāng)懷孕以及醫(yī)療事故進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析論證,這樣有利于我們更加清晰地認(rèn)識(shí)不當(dāng)出生現(xiàn)象。第二部分,文章從必要性和可行性方面分析不當(dāng)出生案件,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)確立此類案件民事責(zé)任重要意義。缺陷兒的不當(dāng)出生,由于產(chǎn)檢醫(yī)生的疏漏,給新生兒的家庭帶來(lái)了不必要的負(fù)擔(dān)。對(duì)新生兒缺陷或殘疾的治療康復(fù)費(fèi)用、教育費(fèi)用是一筆不小的開(kāi)支,然而更為堪憂的是對(duì)一個(gè)家庭精神上的打擊。缺陷兒父母要求有過(guò)失的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)一定的賠償損失,是合理且必要的。不當(dāng)出生損害賠償案件,同時(shí)引發(fā)了倫理道德方面的思考。有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,新生兒的誕生,給一個(gè)家庭帶來(lái)了新的希望與活力,不應(yīng)該因?yàn)樾律嬖谌毕荻穸ㄆ鋬r(jià)值。但價(jià)值是主體對(duì)客體而言的,對(duì)于一個(gè)家庭來(lái)說(shuō),如果新生兒存在的缺陷給家庭帶來(lái)了物質(zhì)上的損失以及精神上的痛苦,那么這就是事實(shí)上帶來(lái)的損害。確立不當(dāng)出生損害賠償?shù)拿袷仑?zé)任,是公平正義的需要。第三部分,文章通過(guò)分析不當(dāng)出生年案件的請(qǐng)求權(quán)基礎(chǔ),可以得出,此類案件的請(qǐng)求權(quán)基礎(chǔ)既可以是違約責(zé)任,也可以是侵權(quán)責(zé)任。不當(dāng)出生案件的請(qǐng)求權(quán)基礎(chǔ)發(fā)生競(jìng)合,但通過(guò)追究責(zé)任人的侵權(quán)責(zé)任,更有利于當(dāng)事人維權(quán)。孕婦與醫(yī)院存在有效的產(chǎn)前檢查合同,醫(yī)方違反了注意及告知義務(wù),因?yàn)槭韬龌蚱渌^(guò)失沒(méi)有把胎兒在發(fā)育過(guò)程中存在的先天缺陷告知合同相對(duì)人,孕婦喪失引產(chǎn)時(shí)機(jī)導(dǎo)致缺陷兒的出生。我國(guó)合同法上一律采用無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)歸責(zé)原則,因醫(yī)方違反了合同上的注意及告知義務(wù),在我國(guó)法律框架之內(nèi),承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任這是無(wú)疑的。根據(jù)《醫(yī)療事故處理?xiàng)l例》第二條的規(guī)定,醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員在醫(yī)療活動(dòng)中,違反醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生管理法律、行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章和診療護(hù)理規(guī)范、常規(guī),過(guò)失造成患者人身?yè)p害的事故,稱為醫(yī)療事故,是醫(yī)療侵權(quán)行為的一種。依照《民法通則》及《侵權(quán)責(zé)任法》的規(guī)定,在醫(yī)療過(guò)程中,醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)及其醫(yī)務(wù)人員由于故意或過(guò)失造成患者人身?yè)p害但不構(gòu)成醫(yī)療事故的損害或其他損害的行為,也應(yīng)屬于醫(yī)療侵權(quán)行為。因此,《侵權(quán)責(zé)任法》對(duì)醫(yī)療損害責(zé)任實(shí)行的是過(guò)錯(cuò)責(zé)任原則。不當(dāng)出生之訴屬于醫(yī)療侵權(quán)糾紛的范圍,應(yīng)受到我國(guó)現(xiàn)有侵權(quán)法規(guī)則的調(diào)整。因此,在我國(guó)的法律框架之下,缺陷兒的父母既享有不當(dāng)出生違約賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)也享有侵權(quán)損害賠償權(quán)。在請(qǐng)求權(quán)基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生了競(jìng)合。然而,在我國(guó)法律框架下,被害人請(qǐng)求侵權(quán)損害賠償更有利于維護(hù)自身權(quán)益。第四部分,是關(guān)于損害賠償?shù)姆秶蛿?shù)額,這同時(shí)也是是文章的落腳點(diǎn)。侵權(quán)責(zé)任的一項(xiàng)重要功能是填補(bǔ)受害人的損害。在本文最后一部分,文章首先對(duì)不當(dāng)出生損害賠償之訴的責(zé)任主體進(jìn)行了界定分析,確定了責(zé)任主體是醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu),責(zé)任醫(yī)生和醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)存在雇傭關(guān)系；同時(shí)權(quán)利主體是缺陷兒的父母。侵權(quán)與違約之訴的差別主要體現(xiàn)在精神損害賠償上。文章結(jié)合我國(guó)現(xiàn)國(guó)情,具體分析和確定了賠償范圍包括醫(yī)療費(fèi)、特殊照顧費(fèi)、特殊教育費(fèi)以及精神損害費(fèi)。雖然對(duì)不當(dāng)出生案件的賠償范圍有爭(zhēng)議,尤其是精神損害賠償方面。但本文認(rèn)為,對(duì)當(dāng)事人的賠償是十分必要且具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的。對(duì)缺陷兒父母的精神損害賠償不僅不會(huì)損害缺陷兒的人格尊嚴(yán),得到的賠償更有利于維護(hù)父母以及缺陷兒的利益。
[Abstract]:The concept of wrongful birth first from the United States, refers to the cause of birth defects due to medical negligence without a diagnosis of congenital defect fetus potential or negligence not to fulfill the corresponding obligation to inform parents of the fetus to lose their chance of pregnancy termination. Between the wrongful birth action occurs in pregnant women and medical institutions for prenatal examination with the case of wrongful birth. Apparently is a kind of negligent medical disputes. During pregnant and prenatal care and the medical care contract, if the medical staff did not inform the pregnant fetus birth defects, it is illegal medical personnel, not within the scope of our discussion with. With the development of science and technology, fetal health professional knowledge through the hospital antenatal examination, can predict fetal situation in a certain range. Our citizens maternal and child protection The health right of informed choice, this right belongs to absolute right, the treating physician shall not be infringed. Otherwise, although the Department of infant congenital defects, medical institutions still need to assume responsibility for the failure to inform and guide the medical behavior is not timely. The article is divided into four parts: the first part, the article first combed the concept of wrongful birth at the same time, the article also need to analyze and wrongful life, improper pregnancy and medical accident are analyzed compared, that will help us more clearly understand the phenomenon of wrongful birth. In the second part, the article from the necessity and feasibility analysis of wrongful birth case, further emphasized the importance to establish the civil liability in such cases. Wrongful birth defects in children, due to prenatal doctor oversight, bring unnecessary burden to the family. The neonatal birth defects or disability rehabilitation Cost, education cost is not a small expenditure, but more worrying is that of a family of spiritual combat. Defects, faulty medical institutions for parents to ask certain damages, is necessary and reasonable. Wrongful birth damages case, also caused the thinking ethical aspects. View of birth, brings new hope and vitality to a family, should not because of new life defects and deny its value. But the value is subject to the object, for a family, if the newborn defects of the family to bring the material loss and spiritual the pain, so this is in fact caused by damage. Establish civil liability for damages to wrongful birth, is fairness and justice needs. The third part, through the analysis of the right of claim of wrongful birth year cases, it can be, The right of claim in such cases can be a liability for breach of contract, can also be a tort liability. The right of claim of wrongful birth cases concurrence of tort liability, but by the responsible person, more conducive to the parties rights. Pregnant women and hospital antenatal examination of validity of the contract, breach of obligation and medical attention, because of negligence or other no congenital defects in the fault in the development process of the contract relative to inform the fetus, pregnant women lost labor opportunities that lead to birth defects in children. The contract law of our country adopts the principle of no fault liability, breach of contract for medical attention and obligations within China's legal framework, which bear the liability for breach of contract is no doubt. According to the provisions of the regulations on handling medical accidents > second of the medical institutions and medical personnel in medical activities, in violation of medical and health management laws, administrative regulations, Department of Regulations and norms of medical care, routine, negligence causing personal injury accident patients, called the medical accident, is a kind of medical tort. In accordance with the provisions of the general principles of civil law > > and < > the tort liability law, in the process of medical treatment, medical institutions and medical personnel due to intentional or negligent causing injury to human body but do not constitute medical malpractice damages or other damage behavior, should also belong to the medical tort. Therefore, "tort liability law > of medical malpractice liability is the implementation of the principle of fault liability. The scope of the wrongful birth action belongs to the medical tort dispute, should be subject to our existing tort law regulation. Therefore, under the the legal framework of China, parents of children has defects of wrongful birth is also entitled to claim damages for the breach of contract damages in tort. The concurrence of the right of claim basis. However, in China's legal framework, the victim's request The tort damages more conducive to safeguard their own interests. The fourth part is about the scope of damages and the amount, this also is the foothold. An important function of tort liability is to fill the damage to the victim. In the last part of this paper, this paper first gives the definition of the main responsibility for improper analysis of damage compensation litigation the main responsibility is to determine the medical institutions, the existence of the employment relationship responsibility of doctors and medical institutions; at the same time the subject of right is handicapped parents. Tort and breach of the difference is mainly reflected in the spirit of damages. Combining with the present situation, the specific analysis and determine the scope of compensation including medical expenses, special care fee that special education fees and compensation for mental damage. Although the scope of compensation for wrongful birth cases controversial, especially in the aspect of spiritual damages. But we think that the parties of the Compensation is very necessary and realistic. Compensation for mental injury to parents with defective children will not only damage the personal dignity of the defective children, but the compensation is more conducive to safeguarding the interests of parents and defective children.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D923

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6 李炳濤;違約精神損害賠償探析[D];煙臺(tái)大學(xué);2009年

7 張紅君;精神損害賠償若干問(wèn)題研究[D];吉林大學(xué);2009年

8 陸婧;違約精神損害賠償?shù)目隙捌湎拗芠D];西南政法大學(xué);2010年

9 李嬌;違約精神損害賠償合理性及制度構(gòu)建[D];鄭州大學(xué);2010年

10 王莘雅;精神損害賠償問(wèn)題研究[D];沈陽(yáng)師范大學(xué);2011年

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