本文選題：同人志　切入點(diǎn)：思想與表達(dá)二分法　出處：《華東政法大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：同人志作為一個(gè)文化現(xiàn)象早在著作權(quán)法誕生之前,在民謠傳說(shuō)當(dāng)中就已經(jīng)有了其根源。復(fù)述和修改經(jīng)典故事這樣的行為在當(dāng)今的印刷品市場(chǎng)中依然充滿活力并且勢(shì)頭良好。但是網(wǎng)絡(luò)改變了發(fā)表和發(fā)行的方式,在過(guò)去從來(lái)沒(méi)有同人志能夠像現(xiàn)在這樣傳播的如此之快,如此之廣。同人志的作者們和原作作者的權(quán)利常常發(fā)生沖突,而這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題也因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代的到來(lái)而變得更加激烈。如何從著作權(quán)法的角度來(lái)解決這樣的沖突呢?第一,如果同人志不能被準(zhǔn)確的定義那么這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題就無(wú)法解決;第二,要解決問(wèn)題,那么原作作者和同人志作者之間具體存在有哪些沖突應(yīng)該被認(rèn)知;第三,需要研究在目前的著作權(quán)法體系下,應(yīng)該將同人志放在什么樣的位置;最后,針對(duì)不同種類(lèi)的同人志,基于思想與表達(dá)二分法以及目前相關(guān)的嘗試會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)一種解決方案。同人志有四點(diǎn)必要性質(zhì):第一,作品須由原著作者以外的人創(chuàng)作;第二,作品在創(chuàng)作的時(shí)候應(yīng)該不以商業(yè)使用為目的;第三,作品是具有“小說(shuō)式”的特征;第四,作品必須依附于一個(gè)原著。原著作者的利益和同人志作者利益的沖突,從著作權(quán)法的角度來(lái)看必須要以原著受到著作權(quán)法保護(hù)的那一部分為基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于那一部分的原著是否受著作權(quán)法保護(hù)可以提出兩點(diǎn)質(zhì)疑:第一,那一部分的原著是否是事實(shí);第二,原著是否還在著作權(quán)法保護(hù)期內(nèi)。如果原著的任何一部分就其整體而言具有創(chuàng)造性,并且那一部分沒(méi)有以事實(shí)記錄的形式表達(dá),那么它就不屬于公共領(lǐng)域。如此一來(lái),由這個(gè)原著而產(chǎn)生的同人志作者和原著作者間的沖突就有了基礎(chǔ)。就同人志而言,其可能侵犯原著作者人身權(quán)和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的情形大多數(shù)與其他著作權(quán)侵權(quán)無(wú)異,本文就不再討論。而與同人志的必要性質(zhì)密切相關(guān)的一些沖突則是本文的論述對(duì)象,這其中包含有對(duì)于原著的污損以及在目前的著作權(quán)法體系下應(yīng)該將同人志放在什么樣的位置等等。同人志最有可能落入的范疇是演繹作品,同人志作者最有可能使用的抗辯是合理使用。因此,這一部分的研究目標(biāo)是找到著作權(quán)法中同人志的定位,從而對(duì)于同人志侵權(quán)的情形與不侵權(quán)的情形作出區(qū)分。著作權(quán)人身權(quán)的侵犯應(yīng)當(dāng)是從同人志引出的爭(zhēng)端當(dāng)中的一個(gè)問(wèn)題,但是美國(guó)著作權(quán)法卻對(duì)不同類(lèi)型的作品加以區(qū)別對(duì)待了。因此在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上,依照《伯爾尼公約》包含有完整的著作權(quán)人身權(quán)規(guī)定的諸多其他國(guó)家現(xiàn)有著作權(quán)法是可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的。原著作者的保護(hù)作品完整權(quán)應(yīng)該在這種情形下得到尊重。在研究針對(duì)合理使用的一些法律標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之前,需要首先分析同人志是否能被歸納到現(xiàn)有的著作權(quán)法系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中。同人志在前文被定義為“以原著為基礎(chǔ)”,“小說(shuō)式的”以及“不能夠由原著作者創(chuàng)作”,那么同人志也許能夠被歸納到“演繹作品”或者“轉(zhuǎn)化作品”當(dāng)中。合理使用通過(guò)美國(guó)版權(quán)法§107的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)檢驗(yàn):第一,絕大多數(shù)同人志都不是以教育為目的的,但同時(shí)它們也是以非商業(yè)性的目的創(chuàng)作,所以這一點(diǎn)一般來(lái)說(shuō)稍許有些傾向于同人志作者;第二,就要看同人志的“小說(shuō)式”或“想象性”的程度如何,這一點(diǎn)就要通過(guò)思想與表達(dá)二分法來(lái)判定;第三,只有當(dāng)思想與表達(dá)之間區(qū)分開(kāi)的的時(shí)候,那么被使用的部分的量和程度才能被決定;第四,盡管非商業(yè)性使得對(duì)于市場(chǎng)萎縮的影響會(huì)有所減少,同人志依然能夠影響原著的潛在市場(chǎng)價(jià)值,而有時(shí)這種影響力是正面的。與此同時(shí)同人志對(duì)于市場(chǎng)價(jià)值的影響是很有限的,這一點(diǎn)并不重要。這樣,真正需要討論的也就只有第二點(diǎn)和第三點(diǎn),它們對(duì)于認(rèn)定合理使用的影響要大很多。而這兩點(diǎn)都需要通過(guò)對(duì)于同人志中思想與表達(dá)分界線的研究來(lái)決定�？偟膩�(lái)說(shuō),同人志的創(chuàng)造與發(fā)表是屬于合理使用還是侵權(quán)行為主要是由分析其中的思想與表達(dá)分界線來(lái)達(dá)到的。不僅僅是通過(guò)演繹與轉(zhuǎn)化的區(qū)分,也包括對(duì)于美國(guó)版權(quán)法§107中的四步檢驗(yàn)法的使用,需要以思想與表達(dá)分界線的區(qū)分為基礎(chǔ)。雖然由同人志對(duì)于原作的污損性使用造成著作權(quán)人身侵權(quán)是同人志文化中突出的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。但是,這個(gè)問(wèn)題落在了大多數(shù)國(guó)家的現(xiàn)行著作權(quán)法規(guī)制范圍內(nèi),是可以被有效協(xié)調(diào)的。就著作權(quán)財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)來(lái)說(shuō),問(wèn)題就要復(fù)雜很多,并且這財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的沖突也是同人志與原作權(quán)利的主要沖突。同人志與原作權(quán)利的協(xié)調(diào)的目標(biāo)就是要在鼓勵(lì)同人志創(chuàng)作的同時(shí)不損害原著作者的權(quán)利。無(wú)論是免費(fèi)模式還是商業(yè)模式下的作品共享模式都有可能協(xié)調(diào)上述沖突。因此下面要分為三個(gè)步驟,首先通過(guò)思想與表達(dá)二分法排除屬于合理使用情形的同人志,即不會(huì)侵犯原著著作權(quán)的情形;其次要分析屬于可能侵犯原著著作權(quán)的情形,討論免費(fèi)模式以及商業(yè)模式的作品共享模式的選擇;最后提出一些包含具體協(xié)調(diào)上述權(quán)利沖突方案的設(shè)想與建議。盡管在其他著作權(quán)案件當(dāng)中思想與表達(dá)的分界線很難創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)較為統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是由于同人志的類(lèi)型化,創(chuàng)造出這樣一條分界線在有關(guān)同人志的糾紛當(dāng)中成為了可能。而具體的這一條分界線除了同時(shí)滿足“清楚描繪”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和“敘述故事”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的檢驗(yàn),可以與幾種典型的同人志轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)適用。而這樣的一條分界線的創(chuàng)設(shè)涉及到的主要是文學(xué)方面的研究,在著作權(quán)法問(wèn)題中是一個(gè)事實(shí)問(wèn)題,具體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需要在今后通過(guò)更多的案件和更多的法院判決來(lái)逐漸建立起來(lái)。權(quán)利人因作品的使用獲益也同時(shí)促進(jìn)了作品共享,權(quán)利人因作品的禁用獲益抑制了作品共享。如上文所述,財(cái)產(chǎn)利益都有替代性。因此如果權(quán)利人使用作品的利益增加了,而權(quán)利人禁用作品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)減少了,那么權(quán)利人獲得的利益總量就存在平衡的可能性。這樣權(quán)利人對(duì)于作品共享也就更有可能認(rèn)同。作品共享的模式如果要能夠廣泛適用并具有延續(xù)性,這種模式就必須要保證權(quán)利人的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。這就需要一種能夠廣泛適用的作品共享的商業(yè)模式。單純無(wú)償?shù)淖杂煞窒黼m然給予了同人志作者自由,但是會(huì)扼殺原著作者的積極性,從而減少了更多受歡迎的原著的創(chuàng)作,最終也會(huì)減少同人志作者們的素材。就CC協(xié)議而言,與開(kāi)源軟件類(lèi)似,從根本上來(lái)說(shuō)這個(gè)體系需要原著著作權(quán)人自愿的讓渡一部分權(quán)利。但是從另一角度來(lái)說(shuō),要讓作者自愿縮小對(duì)于作品的保護(hù)范圍需要依賴于作者在直接經(jīng)濟(jì)利益以外的考慮,這一點(diǎn)也和開(kāi)源軟件相同。而這些考慮多樣化而且無(wú)法量化,這讓CC協(xié)議雖然具有廣泛的影響力,但是它沒(méi)有而且以后也不可能成為著作權(quán)許可的主流模式。同人志文化的核心在于共享。而共享的關(guān)鍵在于流通。一個(gè)流通性更好的市場(chǎng)對(duì)于作品共享的正面作用在于:可以讓使用人能夠更加容易的找到幾種可替代的作品,從而增加了市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng);同時(shí),流通性的增加可以使銷(xiāo)量上升,從而稀釋了創(chuàng)作成本這一固定成本從而降低價(jià)格;再次,市場(chǎng)上現(xiàn)實(shí)的交易可以幫助作品許可費(fèi)率的定價(jià),進(jìn)一步增加流通性;最后,市場(chǎng)有其自身的調(diào)整機(jī)制,可以避免著作權(quán)侵權(quán)糾紛。網(wǎng)絡(luò)通過(guò)促進(jìn)作品流通增加了權(quán)利人使用作品帶來(lái)的獲益;同時(shí)權(quán)利人的壟斷程度被網(wǎng)絡(luò)所削弱,從而減弱了權(quán)利人作品禁用所能帶來(lái)的利益。這樣一增一減,網(wǎng)絡(luò)是有可能在不減少權(quán)利人利益的情況下,促進(jìn)作品共享。集體管理組織模式可以減少著作權(quán)權(quán)利人禁用作品的情形,但是可能出現(xiàn)的較高許可費(fèi)會(huì)讓很多同人志作者難以接受,從而選擇不支付許可費(fèi),構(gòu)成侵權(quán)行為。故集體管理組織模式是一種可行的協(xié)調(diào)模式,但卻存在著一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而IPXI是相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的嘗試,同人志與原著著作權(quán)的沖突可以通過(guò)這類(lèi)模式得到協(xié)調(diào),但是這個(gè)模式在未來(lái)的成功是前提。這個(gè)模式能夠走多遠(yuǎn)、多廣是一個(gè)未知數(shù)。
[Abstract]:Dojinshi as a cultural phenomenon long before the birth of the copyright law, the folk legends have their roots. Repeat and modify the behavior of classic stories in today's market is still full of vitality and print momentum. But the Internet has changed the way published and issued in the past, people never who can spread like now so fast, so wide. Conflicts often occur Doujinshi authors and the original author's rights, and such a problem because of the advent of the Internet era and become more intense. How copyright law from the point of view to solve the conflict? First, if defined Dojinshi cannot be accurate so that a problem can be solved; second, to solve the problem, then between the original author and the author Dojinshi there should be what kind of cognitive conflict; third, Need to study in the current copyright law system, should be Dojinshi on what kind of position; finally, according to different types of Doujinshi, idea and expression dichotomy and the related attempt will design a solution based on. There are four Dojinshi necessary properties: first, work should be created by the original author people outside; second, works at the time of creation should not for commercial use for the purpose; third works are characterized with "novel"; fourth, works must be attached to the original author. A conflict of interest and for the benefit of Dojinshi, from the point of view of copyright law must be based on the original is a part of the protection of the copyright law as the foundation for that part of the original are protected by copyright law can be raised two questions: first, whether the part of the original is in fact; second, the original is still. The copyright law protection period. If any part of the original as a whole is creative, and it did not in fact records in the form of expression, it is not in the public domain. As a result, the conflict caused by the original authors and the original author's will have a foundation. Doujinshi, the author may infringe the personal rights and property rights in most cases and other copyright infringement is discussed. In this paper, no longer some conflict is closely related to the nature and the necessary Dojinshi is the object discussed in this paper, which contains the original and for fouling in the current copyright law the system should be Dojinshi on what kind of position and so on. Dojinshi are most likely to fall into the category of deductive works, authors are most likely to use the defense is reasonable. Therefore, the Department of The research goal is to find the location of copyright law in Dojinshi, so the Dojinshi infringement case and non infringement case to distinguish. Copyright infringement of personal rights should be a problem drawn from the Dojinshi dispute, but the United States copyright law is not the same type of works differently. So in this issue, in accordance with the provisions of the Berne Convention > < contains the complete copyright provisions of the personal rights of many other countries the existing copyright law can solve this problem. The author of the original work to protect the right of integrity should be respected in this case. In the research of some legal standard of fair use before, to analyse whether Dojinshi can be summed up to the existing copyright law system. In the above Dojinshi is defined as "the original basis", "novel" and "not Enough by author creation ", then the Dojinshi may be grouped into" works "or" transformation works ". Reasonable use to test by United States copyright law section 107 criteria: first, the vast majority of Dojinshi are not for the purpose of education, but they are also for noncommercial purposes of creation so, this point is generally slightly inclined to Dojinshi author; second, to see the Dojinshi" novel "or" Imagine ", this point will be judged by a dichotomy of ideas and expression; third, only when the separation between idea and expression of the region. Then by the use of the part of the amount and degree can be determined; fourth, although non commercial makes will be reduced for the declining market, Dojinshi still can affect the original potential market value, and sometimes this kind of influence At the same time. The effect is positive for the market value of Dojinshi is very limited, this is not important. It really needs to be discussed is only second points and third points, their cognizance of the influence of the fair use is much larger. Both of which need to study on the boundary to decide and expression the same people thought history. In general, the creation and publication Dojinshi is still belongs to the rational use of tort is mainly by the analysis of the thought and expression boundaries to achieve. Not only by distinguishing between deduction and transformation, including the use of four step test in section 107 of the US copyright law. The need to distinguish between idea and expression, to the boundary based. Although the Dojinshi for causing the copyright infringement of personal right of the original use of fouling is a prominent problem in Doujinshi culture. However, this problem falls on The works of most of the countries of the right law range can be effectively coordinated. The copyright of property rights, the problem is more complicated, and the main conflict this property is Dojinshi and the original rights. Dojinshi and the original rights coordination goal is to encourage Dojinshi while writing does not damage the original author's rights. Whether it is free or commercial mode under the mode of work sharing model can coordinate the conflict. Therefore the following should be divided into three steps, first through the idea and expression dichotomy rule belongs to the rational use of the Doujinshi, that will not infringe the copyright case; second analysis of possible violations of copyright belongs to the original situation, discuss the free mode of business model works shared mode selection; and finally puts forward some specific rights including the coordination of Chong Ideas and suggestions process scheme. Although the idea and expression in copyright cases among the dividing line is hard to create a unified standard. But because of the type of Doujinshi, creating such a line in the Dojinshi disputes become possible. And with this one in addition to satisfy the boundary "clearly" standard and the "narrative" standard test, with several typical Dojinshi transformation to apply. Such a creation of the dividing line is mainly related to the study of literature, in the copyright law is a question of fact in specific the standard in the future by more and more cases to court decisions is gradually established. The right person for the use of the work benefit and also promote the sharing of work, human rights for disabled benefit suppression works. Works such as sharing Mentioned above, property interests have a substitute. So if the right people use work interests increased, and the rights of people disabled works less competition, so the total benefit rights obtained are balanced. This possibility of human rights for the work sharing more can work sharing mode of identity. If you want to can be widely used and has a continuity, this model must ensure that the rights of people's economic interests. This requires a shared work can be widely applicable to the business model. Only free free sharing although given Dojinshi for free, but the author will stifle enthusiasm, thereby reducing the more popular the original creation, will eventually reduce the Doujinshi authors material. The protocol of CC, similar to the open source software, fundamentally speaking, the system needs the original copyright owner voluntarily Transfer a part of rights. But from another perspective, let the author to voluntarily reduce the scope of protection works need to rely on the author in beyond the immediate economic interests, this is the same and open source software. These consider diversification and cannot be quantified, which makes the CC protocol has extensive influence, but it no and it can not become the mainstream mode of copyright licensing. The core Dojinshi culture is shared. Sharing is the key to the circulation. A better circulation of the market for the positive role of sharing is to work to make use of people can easily find several alternative works, thus increasing the market at the same time, increased competition; liquidity can make sales rise, thus diluting the creation cost so as to reduce the cost of the fixed price; thirdly, the reality of the market transactions can help Work permit rate pricing, further increase liquidity; finally, the market has to adjust its own mechanism, to avoid copyright infringement. The network through work to promote the rights of the people using the circulation increase benefit works bring; at the same time the degree of monopoly rights are weakened by network, thus weakening the rights of disabled people can bring works interests. Such a minus, the network is possible without reducing the rights interests, promote work sharing. The organization mode of collective management of copyright can reduce people disabled works, high licensing fees but there will make many Dojinshi author difficult to accept, and choose not to pay a license fee tort liability. Therefore, the collective management organization mode is a kind of feasible coordination mode, but there are certain risks. While IPXI is trying quite well, and the original Dojinshi Copyright conflicts can be coordinated through such models, but this mode is a prerequisite for future success. How far and how wide this mode can go is unknown.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D923.41

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