【摘要】：近年來,作為高等教育重要組成部分的民辦高校發(fā)展迅速,其開辦數(shù)量持續(xù)增長。同時應(yīng)看到,民辦高校高效的退出機制能夠強有力地促進高等教育的發(fā)展。毋庸置疑,伴隨大學(xué)適齡人口的下降,部分辦學(xué)質(zhì)量薄弱的民辦高校將會退出市場。目前,我國《企業(yè)破產(chǎn)法》的適用范圍僅包括企業(yè)法人,且《民辦教育促進法》中民辦學(xué)校的退出機制尚不夠完善。相較之下,高等教育發(fā)達國家和地區(qū)退出機制十分完備�；诖�,解決我國民辦高校退出的法律問題可借鑒域外的經(jīng)驗。破產(chǎn)性退出是民辦高校退出方式的主要內(nèi)容。本文居于理論和實踐的兩重維度,分析我國民辦高校具有破產(chǎn)能力的依據(jù)。理論上,一是民辦高校具有法人資格和法人財產(chǎn)權(quán),從而為其適用破產(chǎn)制度提供了必要條件;二是民辦高校的公益性決定其應(yīng)當(dāng)適用破產(chǎn)預(yù)防程序;三是公益性組織的破產(chǎn)應(yīng)被審慎對待,以實現(xiàn)對公益組織的人文關(guān)懷,民辦高校也不例外。實踐上,筆者通過考察國內(nèi)外民辦高校破產(chǎn)能力的立法概況和我國民辦高校破產(chǎn)能力的司法實踐情況,得出未來我國的立法趨勢是:民辦高校擁有廣義的破產(chǎn)能力,而不只具有破產(chǎn)清算能力。國際上現(xiàn)代破產(chǎn)法普遍采取一般破產(chǎn)主義,諸如美國、日本等國家的私立高校均具有破產(chǎn)能力。而我國的《企業(yè)破產(chǎn)法》采用的是特殊立法主義,僅將企業(yè)法人納入適用范圍。但同時,《企業(yè)破產(chǎn)法》一百三十五條可為破產(chǎn)清算程序適用的兜底條款,故民辦高校的破產(chǎn)清算可以適用企業(yè)法人的破產(chǎn)清算程序�！睹褶k教育促進法》規(guī)定,因資不抵債而終止辦學(xué)是民辦學(xué)校終止情況的一種�！百Y不抵債”在司法實踐中也被認定為民辦學(xué)校破產(chǎn)清算的原因。另外,民辦高校間的合并重組實踐已經(jīng)存在,且不乏實例。以上依據(jù)無不佐證,我國民辦高校具有實質(zhì)意義上的破產(chǎn)能力。在肯定民辦高校具有破產(chǎn)能力的基礎(chǔ)上,本文對民辦高校的破產(chǎn)制度進行了初步的構(gòu)建:首先,對《民辦教育促進法》中規(guī)定的民辦高校的破產(chǎn)原因、破產(chǎn)清算時的清償順位進行調(diào)整;其次,列明民辦高校破產(chǎn)申請主體的范圍;再次,針對適用破產(chǎn)預(yù)防程序時民辦高校不同于一般企業(yè)的特殊問題進行具體設(shè)計;最后,設(shè)計了民辦高校破產(chǎn)時學(xué)生安置的配套機制,保證學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)的順利銜接。在具體構(gòu)建時,本文認為行政權(quán)應(yīng)當(dāng)合理介入民辦高校的破產(chǎn)程序,和司法權(quán)共同保障民辦高校破產(chǎn)程序的有序進行。此外,本文指出,有必要強制要求民辦高校設(shè)立風(fēng)險保障基金,保證民辦高校破產(chǎn)后受教育者學(xué)雜費的足額返還。賦予民辦高校廣義的破產(chǎn)能力,并在此基礎(chǔ)上完善民辦高校的破產(chǎn)制度,能夠促進民辦高等教育的良性發(fā)展,利于破產(chǎn)或者瀕臨破產(chǎn)的民辦高校積極地適用破產(chǎn)和解及破產(chǎn)重整程序,進而重獲新生。
[Abstract]:In recent years, as an important part of higher education, private colleges and universities have developed rapidly, and the number of them has been increasing continuously. At the same time, it should be seen that the efficient withdrawal mechanism of private colleges and universities can strongly promote the development of higher education. Undoubtedly, with the decline of the school-age population, some private colleges with weak quality will withdraw from the market. At present, the scope of application of Enterprise bankruptcy Law in China only includes enterprise legal person, and the withdrawal mechanism of private schools in Private Education Promotion Law is not perfect. By contrast, higher education developed countries and regions to withdraw from the mechanism is very complete. Based on this, we can learn from the foreign experience to solve the legal problem of private colleges and universities withdrawal in our country. Bankrupt exit is the main content of private college exit. This article is based on the double dimensions of theory and practice, and analyzes the basis of bankruptcy ability of private universities in our country. Theoretically, private colleges and universities have the qualification of legal person and the property right of legal person, which provides the necessary conditions for them to apply the bankruptcy system, and the public welfare of private colleges and universities determines that they should apply the bankruptcy prevention procedure. Thirdly, the bankruptcy of public welfare organizations should be treated with caution in order to realize humanistic concern for public welfare organizations, and private colleges and universities are no exception. In practice, the author investigates the legislative situation of the bankruptcy ability of private colleges and universities at home and abroad and the judicial practice of the bankruptcy capacity of private colleges and universities in our country, and draws the conclusion that the legislative trend of our country in the future is that private colleges and universities have broad bankruptcy capacity. Not just bankruptcy liquidation. The international modern bankruptcy law generally adopts the general bankruptcy doctrine, such as the United States, Japan and other countries private colleges and universities have bankruptcy ability. But our country's Enterprise bankruptcy Law adopts the special legislation doctrine, only brings the enterprise legal person into the scope of application. But at the same time, 135 articles of Enterprise bankruptcy Law can be applied to the bankruptcy liquidation procedure, so the bankruptcy liquidation of a private university can be applied to the bankruptcy liquidation procedure of an enterprise legal person. The termination of running a school due to insolvency is one of the conditions in which private schools are terminated. Insolvent debt is also recognized as the cause of bankruptcy and liquidation of private schools in judicial practice. In addition, the practice of merging and reorganizing private colleges and universities already exists, and there are many examples. According to the above evidence, private colleges and universities in China have the ability of bankruptcy in a substantial sense. On the basis of affirming the bankruptcy ability of private colleges and universities, this paper has carried on the preliminary construction to the bankruptcy system of private colleges and universities: first of all, the reasons for bankruptcy of private colleges and universities stipulated in the Law on the Promotion of Private Education, The order of liquidation is adjusted; secondly, the scope of the main body of bankruptcy application in private colleges and universities is listed; thirdly, the special problems of private colleges and universities that are different from ordinary enterprises when the bankruptcy prevention procedure is applied are specifically designed; finally, In order to ensure the smooth convergence of students' studies, this paper designs the matching mechanism of students' placement when private colleges and universities go bankrupt. In the concrete construction, this paper holds that the administrative power should be involved in the bankruptcy procedure of the private colleges and universities reasonably, and the judicial power should jointly ensure the orderly proceeding of the bankruptcy procedure of the private colleges and universities. In addition, this paper points out that it is necessary to force private colleges and universities to set up risk protection funds to ensure the full return of educatees' tuition and miscellaneous expenses after the bankruptcy of private colleges and universities. Giving private colleges and universities the ability to go bankrupt in a broad sense and perfecting the bankruptcy system of private colleges and universities on this basis can promote the benign development of private higher education. Private colleges and universities which are in favor of bankruptcy or near bankruptcy actively apply bankruptcy reconciliation and bankruptcy reorganization procedure, and then regain new students.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D922.291.92

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本文編號：2233682