保險人代位求償權(quán)制度研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-18 07:50
【摘要】：保險人代位求償制度是民法債權(quán)人代位理論與保險法損失補償原則相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。作為利益調(diào)節(jié)機制,保險代位求償權(quán)的行使,可以阻止被保險人因保險事故雙重獲利、避免責(zé)任第三人逃脫民事賠償義務(wù)、彌補保險人經(jīng)營損失。在我國保險實務(wù)中,保險公司實際行使代位求償權(quán)的案件數(shù)量與巨大的保險賠償金數(shù)額相差甚遠(yuǎn),保險人寧愿犧牲部分可得利益,也不愿過多涉及法律規(guī)范混亂、訴訟結(jié)果不可預(yù)料的保險代位制度。要破解此困局,立法者必須明晰我國保險人代位求償制度的設(shè)計缺陷,在有益借鑒域外先進(jìn)法律經(jīng)驗的基礎(chǔ)上,對代位求償權(quán)的取得、行使以及效力適用進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)梳理、重點規(guī)范。我國承襲大陸法系傳統(tǒng),確立保險人代位求償權(quán)為法定的債權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓,保險人在保險賠償金范圍內(nèi)享有對事故責(zé)任人的損害請求權(quán),保險實務(wù)中的“權(quán)益轉(zhuǎn)讓書”不能作為代位求償權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓憑證,應(yīng)當(dāng)由行業(yè)協(xié)會統(tǒng)一規(guī)范其內(nèi)容,防止保險人以代位求償權(quán)為借口,利用優(yōu)勢地位侵害被保險人權(quán)益。補償性人身保險合同,可以直接計算被保險人財產(chǎn)損失的,應(yīng)當(dāng)允許保險人進(jìn)行代位求償,但是代位求償權(quán)適用范圍的擴張過程,必須與我國保險業(yè)發(fā)展程度相適應(yīng)、與我國醫(yī)療保險體制等社會制度相匹配。2013年最高人民法院發(fā)布《關(guān)于適用中華人民共和國保險法若干問題的解釋(二)》,對保險人代位求償權(quán)的行使名義、訴訟時效進(jìn)行了規(guī)范,盡管學(xué)界對此仍有爭議,但是司法實踐應(yīng)當(dāng)按照新規(guī)定統(tǒng)一實施。以保險人的名義進(jìn)行代位符合我國代位求償權(quán)的法定轉(zhuǎn)移性；保險人適用獨立的訴訟時效,與我國保險理賠現(xiàn)狀相適應(yīng),可以提高保險人實現(xiàn)代位權(quán)的積極性。保險人代位求償權(quán)行使對象的限制,應(yīng)以是否與被保險人存在利益一致性作為判別標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同時應(yīng)肯定法人、社會組織的成員屬于被保險人的“組成人員”范疇。對于保險人代位求償權(quán)與被保險人直接求償權(quán)的受償順序問題,我國保險立法應(yīng)當(dāng)適用“被保險人優(yōu)先”原則,保障遭受事故損失的被保險人先行受償,以符合代位求償權(quán)設(shè)定的價值目標(biāo)。但是,當(dāng)被保險人對代位權(quán)實施了積極或消極地阻礙行為時,立法也應(yīng)當(dāng)對保險人進(jìn)行保護(hù)：保險合同簽訂前被保險人做出損害豁免行為,保險人履行詢問義務(wù),被保險人未如實告知的,保險人可以拒絕給付保險金；被保險人在保險合同簽訂后的免責(zé)行為,保險人可利用保險合同中的豁免禁止加以防范；保險事故發(fā)生后被保險人故意免除第三人賠償責(zé)任的,保險人可以依法拒賠或者扣減相應(yīng)保險金；被保險人出于善意與第三人和解的,不應(yīng)被視為阻礙代位求償權(quán)實現(xiàn)的行為。
[Abstract]:The subrogation system of insurer is the result of the combination of subrogation theory of creditors in civil law and the principle of loss compensation in insurance law. As a mechanism of interest regulation, the exercise of subrogation right of insurance can prevent the insured from making double profits because of the insurance accident, avoid the third party of liability escape from the civil compensation obligation, and make up for the insurer's business losses. In China's insurance practice, the number of cases in which insurance companies actually exercise subrogation rights is far from the huge amount of insurance compensation, and the insurer would rather sacrifice some of the available benefits rather than involve too much confusion of legal norms. The insurance subrogation system with unpredictable litigation results. In order to solve this dilemma, the legislator must make clear the design defects of the subrogation system of the insurer in our country, and on the basis of the beneficial reference of the advanced legal experience outside the country, systematically comb the acquisition, exercise and application of the subrogation right. Key norms. Our country inherits the tradition of civil law system, establishes the subrogation right of the insurer as the legal assignment of creditor's rights, and the insurer enjoys the right to claim for damage to the person responsible for the accident within the scope of the insurance compensation. The "transfer of rights and interests" in insurance practice can not be used as the transfer certificate of subrogation claim, and should be standardized by the trade association to prevent the insurer from infringing the insurant's rights and interests by using the subrogation right as an excuse. If a compensatory life insurance contract can directly calculate the property loss of the insured, the insurer shall be allowed to make a subrogation claim, but the process of expansion of the scope of application of the subrogation claim must be adapted to the degree of development of the insurance industry in our country. In 2013, the Supreme people's Court issued the explanation on the Application of the Insurance Law of the people's Republic of China (2), which regulated the exercise of subrogation of insurer's right of subrogation and limitation of action. Although there is still controversy in academic circles, judicial practice should be carried out in accordance with the new regulations. The subrogation in the name of the insurer accords with the legal transfer of the subrogation right in our country, and the insurer can improve the enthusiasm of the insurer to realize the right of subrogation by applying the independent limitation of action and adapting to the present situation of the insurance settlement in our country. The limitation of the object of the insurer's right of subrogation should be judged by the consistency of interest with the insured, and at the same time, the legal person and the members of the social organization should be affirmed to belong to the category of "member" of the insured. With regard to the order of the insurer's subrogation right and the insurant's direct claim, China's insurance legislation should apply the principle of "insurant priority" to ensure that the insured who suffers an accident loss is compensated first. In order to meet the subrogation right to set the value of the goal. However, when the insured actively or passively obstructs the right of subrogation, the legislation should also protect the insurer: before the signing of the insurance contract, the insured makes the act of exemption from damage, and the insurer performs the obligation of inquiry. If the insured fails to inform the insured truthfully, the insurer may refuse to pay the insurance premium; the insurer may take advantage of the exemption prohibition in the insurance contract to guard against the insured's exemption after the signing of the insurance contract; If the insured intentionally exempts the third party from liability for compensation after an insurance accident, the insurer may refuse to compensate or deduct the corresponding insurance money according to law; if the insured conciliates with the third party out of good faith, it shall not be regarded as an act impeding the realization of the subrogation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D922.284
本文編號：2131234
[Abstract]:The subrogation system of insurer is the result of the combination of subrogation theory of creditors in civil law and the principle of loss compensation in insurance law. As a mechanism of interest regulation, the exercise of subrogation right of insurance can prevent the insured from making double profits because of the insurance accident, avoid the third party of liability escape from the civil compensation obligation, and make up for the insurer's business losses. In China's insurance practice, the number of cases in which insurance companies actually exercise subrogation rights is far from the huge amount of insurance compensation, and the insurer would rather sacrifice some of the available benefits rather than involve too much confusion of legal norms. The insurance subrogation system with unpredictable litigation results. In order to solve this dilemma, the legislator must make clear the design defects of the subrogation system of the insurer in our country, and on the basis of the beneficial reference of the advanced legal experience outside the country, systematically comb the acquisition, exercise and application of the subrogation right. Key norms. Our country inherits the tradition of civil law system, establishes the subrogation right of the insurer as the legal assignment of creditor's rights, and the insurer enjoys the right to claim for damage to the person responsible for the accident within the scope of the insurance compensation. The "transfer of rights and interests" in insurance practice can not be used as the transfer certificate of subrogation claim, and should be standardized by the trade association to prevent the insurer from infringing the insurant's rights and interests by using the subrogation right as an excuse. If a compensatory life insurance contract can directly calculate the property loss of the insured, the insurer shall be allowed to make a subrogation claim, but the process of expansion of the scope of application of the subrogation claim must be adapted to the degree of development of the insurance industry in our country. In 2013, the Supreme people's Court issued the explanation on the Application of the Insurance Law of the people's Republic of China (2), which regulated the exercise of subrogation of insurer's right of subrogation and limitation of action. Although there is still controversy in academic circles, judicial practice should be carried out in accordance with the new regulations. The subrogation in the name of the insurer accords with the legal transfer of the subrogation right in our country, and the insurer can improve the enthusiasm of the insurer to realize the right of subrogation by applying the independent limitation of action and adapting to the present situation of the insurance settlement in our country. The limitation of the object of the insurer's right of subrogation should be judged by the consistency of interest with the insured, and at the same time, the legal person and the members of the social organization should be affirmed to belong to the category of "member" of the insured. With regard to the order of the insurer's subrogation right and the insurant's direct claim, China's insurance legislation should apply the principle of "insurant priority" to ensure that the insured who suffers an accident loss is compensated first. In order to meet the subrogation right to set the value of the goal. However, when the insured actively or passively obstructs the right of subrogation, the legislation should also protect the insurer: before the signing of the insurance contract, the insured makes the act of exemption from damage, and the insurer performs the obligation of inquiry. If the insured fails to inform the insured truthfully, the insurer may refuse to pay the insurance premium; the insurer may take advantage of the exemption prohibition in the insurance contract to guard against the insured's exemption after the signing of the insurance contract; If the insured intentionally exempts the third party from liability for compensation after an insurance accident, the insurer may refuse to compensate or deduct the corresponding insurance money according to law; if the insured conciliates with the third party out of good faith, it shall not be regarded as an act impeding the realization of the subrogation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D922.284
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