樹(shù)立共和國(guó)新形象—建國(guó)初南京市宣傳工作研究（1949-1953）
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-19 19:44
【摘要】：建國(guó)初期,作為前國(guó)民黨政權(quán)首都的南京市處于風(fēng)雨飄搖之中,內(nèi)外局勢(shì)極為復(fù)雜,第三次世界大戰(zhàn)的謠言在市民中流傳,國(guó)民黨特務(wù)分子活動(dòng)猖獗。南京市的宣傳工作就是在這樣的背景下展開(kāi)的。 1949年4月23日,南京市宣告解放。在中共南京市委的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,宣傳部正式成立,下設(shè)宣傳科、教育科、文藝科等科室。1950年10月,又成立區(qū)宣傳委員會(huì),以統(tǒng)一區(qū)一級(jí)宣傳工作部署,防止多頭領(lǐng)導(dǎo),更好地協(xié)同配合宣傳工作開(kāi)展。1951年8月,南京正式建立起了覆蓋全市的宣傳網(wǎng),組成以各級(jí)宣傳員、報(bào)告員為骨干的多層次、多渠道、縱橫交錯(cuò)的宣傳工作體系,極大地推動(dòng)了宣傳工作的開(kāi)展。對(duì)于主流意識(shí)形態(tài)的教育和社會(huì)力量的動(dòng)員統(tǒng)合發(fā)揮了巨大作用。 南京市的宣傳工作機(jī)制分為三個(gè)步驟：首先是決策,以編寫(xiě)工作計(jì)劃為中心,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨極力強(qiáng)調(diào)宣傳紀(jì)律,通過(guò)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行請(qǐng)示、報(bào)告和審查制度來(lái)保證權(quán)力的收束和集中；其次是執(zhí)行,在長(zhǎng)期宣傳工作中,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨總結(jié)并推廣了一套成熟的模式,包括對(duì)宣傳人員進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)、開(kāi)展運(yùn)動(dòng)式的宣傳(這期間往往依靠宣傳員的個(gè)人能力和工作熱情)和過(guò)程中對(duì)計(jì)劃進(jìn)行修正。最后是有效的反饋機(jī)制,包括對(duì)執(zhí)行情況的匯報(bào)與總結(jié)。 建國(guó)初期,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的宣傳內(nèi)容包括三個(gè)方面：理論宣傳、中期目標(biāo)宣傳和短期目標(biāo)宣傳。理論宣傳著重解決群眾的思想問(wèn)題,從培養(yǎng)黨的理論干部入手,訓(xùn)練了一批報(bào)告員和宣傳員；南京各高校也普遍開(kāi)設(shè)了馬列主義課程,農(nóng)村地區(qū)則派宣傳員進(jìn)行集中講解,在開(kāi)展文化教育的同時(shí)進(jìn)行政治灌輸。中期目標(biāo)宣傳以中央的路線、方針為宣傳內(nèi)容,如“一邊倒”和過(guò)渡時(shí)期總路線的宣傳即屬此例。這種宣傳往往在持續(xù)數(shù)年時(shí)間,一般采取每隔一段時(shí)間集中宣傳一次的方式進(jìn)行。短期目標(biāo)宣傳繼承了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨“一事一宣”的傳統(tǒng),對(duì)民眾進(jìn)行政治動(dòng)員。以南京市鎮(zhèn)反為例,通過(guò)動(dòng)用廣播、宣傳冊(cè)、電影、展覽會(huì)等各種形式對(duì)民眾進(jìn)行宣傳教育和動(dòng)員,沉重打擊了反革命勢(shì)力,有力配合了鎮(zhèn)反工作的開(kāi)展。 宣傳方式分為口頭宣傳、文字宣傳和文藝宣傳三種,口頭宣傳包括報(bào)告會(huì)、演講會(huì)、控訴會(huì)、座談會(huì)、口號(hào)等等,這些方式簡(jiǎn)單易行,成本低廉,因而使用次數(shù)最多,范圍最廣。更為重要的是,這些宣傳方式在長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐中形成了固定的模式,包括報(bào)告會(huì)預(yù)先彩排、控訴會(huì)的苦主遴選、座談會(huì)的氣氛導(dǎo)向和口號(hào)的擬定等,這些都有程式可以遵循。文字宣傳包括報(bào)紙、小報(bào)、傳單、黑板報(bào)和標(biāo)語(yǔ)等。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨有著豐富的辦報(bào)經(jīng)驗(yàn),南京的《新華日?qǐng)?bào)》初創(chuàng)即獲得了廣泛認(rèn)可,成為市民獲取信息的最主要渠道。其余的方式往往在宣傳中作為輔助手段使用,對(duì)宣傳工作的開(kāi)展也有著重要意義。文藝宣傳方式包括歌曲、電影、戲曲和廣播。這些方式作用于人的潛意識(shí),讓民眾無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不被中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的宣傳話語(yǔ)所包圍,不知不覺(jué)間即接受了其主張。 建國(guó)初南京市開(kāi)展的宣傳活動(dòng)數(shù)量之多,難于統(tǒng)計(jì),但基本都符合以下的模式,包括活動(dòng)決策,宣傳策略制定,宣傳人員培訓(xùn)和彩排、運(yùn)動(dòng)式宣傳和總結(jié)反饋。南京市保衛(wèi)世界和平簽名運(yùn)動(dòng)、南京市糧食統(tǒng)購(gòu)統(tǒng)銷(xiāo)和貫徹婚姻法這三個(gè)宣傳個(gè)案均符合這一模式。而且,隨著時(shí)間的推移,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨對(duì)這一宣傳工作模式的運(yùn)用逐漸純熟。經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累則表現(xiàn)為對(duì)宣傳工作以往缺點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤的不斷修正。 建國(guó)初南京市的宣傳工作取得了巨大成效,扭轉(zhuǎn)了民眾對(duì)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的消極態(tài)度,建立了政權(quán)的合法性認(rèn)同。通過(guò)開(kāi)展宣傳活動(dòng),動(dòng)員了民眾參與政治運(yùn)動(dòng)和國(guó)家建設(shè),樹(shù)立了新民主主義文化的主流地位,刷新了南京的社會(huì)風(fēng)氣。然而由于時(shí)代的制約,這些工作也產(chǎn)生了一定的負(fù)面影響。
[Abstract]:In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, the capital of the former Kuomintang regime, was in the midst of ups and downs. The internal and external situation was extremely complicated. Rumors of the Third World War were circulating among the citizens, and activities of Kuomintang agents were rampant.
On April 23, 1949, Nanjing declared its liberation. Under the leadership of the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Ministry of Propaganda was formally established with departments of propaganda, education and arts. In October 1950, a District Propaganda Committee was set up to unify the propaganda work at the district level, prevent multi-leaders and better coordinate the propaganda work. The propaganda network covering the whole city has been established, and a multi-level, multi-channel and crisscross propaganda work system with propagandists at all levels and rapporteurs as the backbone has greatly promoted the development of propaganda work.
The propaganda work mechanism of Nanjing is divided into three steps: first, the decision-making, centering on the compilation of the work plan, the Communist Party of China strongly emphasizes propaganda discipline, and ensures the closure and centralization of power by strictly enforcing the instructions, reporting and censorship system; secondly, the implementation. In the long-term propaganda work, the Communist Party of China has summarized and popularized it. A mature model includes training propagandists, conducting campaign-style propaganda (which often relies on the personal ability and enthusiasm of propagandists) and modifying the plan in the process. Finally, an effective feedback mechanism, including reporting and summarizing the implementation, is put forward.
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the propaganda of the Communist Party of China consisted of three aspects: theoretical propaganda, medium-term target propaganda and short-term target propaganda.Theoretical propaganda focused on solving the ideological problems of the masses and trained a number of rapporteurs and propagandists starting from the training of theoretical cadres of the Party. Regional propaganda officers are sent to give concentrated explanations and to inculcate politics while carrying out cultural education. The medium-term target propaganda is based on the central line and the guiding principle is the propaganda content, such as the propaganda of "leaning to one side" and the general transitional line. Such propaganda usually lasts for several years and is usually carried out at regular intervals. Short-term target propaganda inherits the tradition of "one thing, one propaganda" of the Communist Party of China and mobilizes the people politically. Taking the anti-town campaign in Nanjing as an example, propaganda, education and mobilization of the people are carried out through various forms such as broadcasting, brochures, films, exhibitions, etc., which have dealt a heavy blow to the counter-revolutionary forces and effectively cooperated with the anti-town campaign. Develop.
There are three kinds of propaganda: oral propaganda, written propaganda and literary propaganda. Oral propaganda includes lectures, speeches, complaints, symposiums, slogans and so on. These methods are simple and cheap, so they are used most frequently and have the widest range. The report will be rehearsed in advance, the selection of complaints, the atmosphere of the Symposium and the formulation of slogans, all of which can be followed. The written propaganda includes newspapers, tabloids, leaflets, blackboard newspapers and slogans. The Communist Party of China has a wealth of experience in running newspapers. The founding of Nanjing's Xinhua Daily has been widely recognized as a citizen. The other ways are often used as supplementary means in propaganda, and they are also of great significance to the development of propaganda. Literary and artistic propaganda includes songs, movies, operas and broadcasting. These ways act on people's subconscious and make people surrounded by the propaganda discourse of the Communist Party of China all the time. He accepted his view.
The number of propaganda activities carried out in Nanjing at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China was so large that it was difficult to count them, but they basically conformed to the following patterns, including activity decision-making, propaganda strategy formulation, propaganda personnel training and rehearsal, campaign propaganda and summary feedback. As time goes on, the Communist Party of China has gradually become familiar with the application of this mode of propaganda work, and the accumulation of experience has been manifested in the constant correction of the past shortcomings and errors in propaganda work.
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the propaganda work in Nanjing has made great achievements, reversed the people's negative attitude toward the Communist Party of China and established the legitimacy of the regime. By carrying out propaganda activities, the people were mobilized to participate in political movements and national construction, established the mainstream position of the new democratic culture, and refreshed the social atmosphere of Nanjing. With the constraints of the times, these jobs also have some negative effects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D232
本文編號(hào)：2251140
[Abstract]:In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, the capital of the former Kuomintang regime, was in the midst of ups and downs. The internal and external situation was extremely complicated. Rumors of the Third World War were circulating among the citizens, and activities of Kuomintang agents were rampant.
On April 23, 1949, Nanjing declared its liberation. Under the leadership of the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Ministry of Propaganda was formally established with departments of propaganda, education and arts. In October 1950, a District Propaganda Committee was set up to unify the propaganda work at the district level, prevent multi-leaders and better coordinate the propaganda work. The propaganda network covering the whole city has been established, and a multi-level, multi-channel and crisscross propaganda work system with propagandists at all levels and rapporteurs as the backbone has greatly promoted the development of propaganda work.
The propaganda work mechanism of Nanjing is divided into three steps: first, the decision-making, centering on the compilation of the work plan, the Communist Party of China strongly emphasizes propaganda discipline, and ensures the closure and centralization of power by strictly enforcing the instructions, reporting and censorship system; secondly, the implementation. In the long-term propaganda work, the Communist Party of China has summarized and popularized it. A mature model includes training propagandists, conducting campaign-style propaganda (which often relies on the personal ability and enthusiasm of propagandists) and modifying the plan in the process. Finally, an effective feedback mechanism, including reporting and summarizing the implementation, is put forward.
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the propaganda of the Communist Party of China consisted of three aspects: theoretical propaganda, medium-term target propaganda and short-term target propaganda.Theoretical propaganda focused on solving the ideological problems of the masses and trained a number of rapporteurs and propagandists starting from the training of theoretical cadres of the Party. Regional propaganda officers are sent to give concentrated explanations and to inculcate politics while carrying out cultural education. The medium-term target propaganda is based on the central line and the guiding principle is the propaganda content, such as the propaganda of "leaning to one side" and the general transitional line. Such propaganda usually lasts for several years and is usually carried out at regular intervals. Short-term target propaganda inherits the tradition of "one thing, one propaganda" of the Communist Party of China and mobilizes the people politically. Taking the anti-town campaign in Nanjing as an example, propaganda, education and mobilization of the people are carried out through various forms such as broadcasting, brochures, films, exhibitions, etc., which have dealt a heavy blow to the counter-revolutionary forces and effectively cooperated with the anti-town campaign. Develop.
There are three kinds of propaganda: oral propaganda, written propaganda and literary propaganda. Oral propaganda includes lectures, speeches, complaints, symposiums, slogans and so on. These methods are simple and cheap, so they are used most frequently and have the widest range. The report will be rehearsed in advance, the selection of complaints, the atmosphere of the Symposium and the formulation of slogans, all of which can be followed. The written propaganda includes newspapers, tabloids, leaflets, blackboard newspapers and slogans. The Communist Party of China has a wealth of experience in running newspapers. The founding of Nanjing's Xinhua Daily has been widely recognized as a citizen. The other ways are often used as supplementary means in propaganda, and they are also of great significance to the development of propaganda. Literary and artistic propaganda includes songs, movies, operas and broadcasting. These ways act on people's subconscious and make people surrounded by the propaganda discourse of the Communist Party of China all the time. He accepted his view.
The number of propaganda activities carried out in Nanjing at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China was so large that it was difficult to count them, but they basically conformed to the following patterns, including activity decision-making, propaganda strategy formulation, propaganda personnel training and rehearsal, campaign propaganda and summary feedback. As time goes on, the Communist Party of China has gradually become familiar with the application of this mode of propaganda work, and the accumulation of experience has been manifested in the constant correction of the past shortcomings and errors in propaganda work.
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the propaganda work in Nanjing has made great achievements, reversed the people's negative attitude toward the Communist Party of China and established the legitimacy of the regime. By carrying out propaganda activities, the people were mobilized to participate in political movements and national construction, established the mainstream position of the new democratic culture, and refreshed the social atmosphere of Nanjing. With the constraints of the times, these jobs also have some negative effects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D232
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相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前2條
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