“父母責(zé)任”法律制度比較研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-31 06:26
【摘要】：兒童是未來(lái),是人們對(duì)世界的期待。目前,兒童也享有權(quán)利的觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)被世界各國(guó)所廣泛認(rèn)可,對(duì)兒童權(quán)利的不尊重被視為對(duì)人權(quán)的最大踐踏。父母責(zé)任制度是對(duì)兒童權(quán)利保護(hù)的最核心的要素,是“兒童利益最大化”的最集中體現(xiàn),因?yàn)榧彝ナ莾和钪匾谋幼o(hù)所。世界上大多數(shù)國(guó)家都對(duì)親子關(guān)系的內(nèi)容作出了或多或少的規(guī)定,父母責(zé)任的跨國(guó)公約也在逐漸形成和發(fā)展,但在我國(guó),受傳統(tǒng)宗法禮教影響,對(duì)家庭自治采取放任態(tài)度,法律重視度不高,國(guó)家公權(quán)力介入低,尤其在生活節(jié)奏加快的當(dāng)下,外來(lái)務(wù)工人員增多,工作壓力巨大,離婚率增加,法律規(guī)定的不完善更導(dǎo)致父母雙方在子女的養(yǎng)育過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題甚至是矛盾和分歧,因此,對(duì)父母責(zé)任制度的研究和進(jìn)一步完善就顯得至關(guān)重要,完整的制度規(guī)定和詳盡的責(zé)任劃分,有助于更好的維護(hù)子女的權(quán)益。結(jié)合世界有關(guān)國(guó)家和國(guó)際公約的規(guī)定,分析完善我國(guó)的親子關(guān)系制度,這正是本文進(jìn)行比較研究的目的和意義之所在。 父母責(zé)任制度起源于羅馬法和日耳曼法,并經(jīng)歷了從“家族本位”到“親本位”直至“子女本位”的發(fā)展歷程,逐漸脫離了封建道德家庭倫理制度的狹隘思想,轉(zhuǎn)而關(guān)注家庭中子女的需求。雖然在大陸法系和普通法系的立法體例有不同之處,但最終目的都是逐漸向父母照顧權(quán)制度轉(zhuǎn)化,重視對(duì)子女的照顧和保護(hù),加強(qiáng)公權(quán)力的介入,注重子女權(quán)益。 由于跨國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流日益密切,跨國(guó)婚姻和跨國(guó)收養(yǎng)增加,法典的趨同化要求增加,隨著海牙公約被更多的國(guó)家所接受,美洲國(guó)家組織以及歐盟立法的相繼生效,父母責(zé)任的統(tǒng)一私法規(guī)范和實(shí)體法規(guī)范將被越來(lái)越多的國(guó)家認(rèn)可。本文分別從父母子女問(wèn)題的國(guó)內(nèi)法規(guī)定和國(guó)際法協(xié)調(diào)兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了橫向的對(duì)比和縱向的研究。在國(guó)內(nèi)法領(lǐng)域,主要從父母責(zé)任的內(nèi)容,即對(duì)子女的人身方面和權(quán)利和財(cái)產(chǎn)方面的權(quán)利以及對(duì)父母責(zé)任的限制進(jìn)行闡述。在國(guó)際法領(lǐng)域,主要是介紹了對(duì)全球性和區(qū)域性國(guó)際組織有關(guān)親子關(guān)系的法律文件和法律示范法,了解最先進(jìn)的父母責(zé)任制度立法主張。 最后,回歸到我國(guó),我國(guó)并沒(méi)有明確的親子關(guān)系制度規(guī)定,我國(guó)的民事法中,并沒(méi)有建立獨(dú)立的親子關(guān)系法律制度,而是散見(jiàn)于《婚姻法》、《民法通則》和其他的相關(guān)單行法當(dāng)中,缺乏體系,內(nèi)容也不夠完整,因而在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中出現(xiàn)父母侵犯未成年子女權(quán)益的事件時(shí),由于缺乏法律依據(jù),未成年人得不到很好的保護(hù),文章在對(duì)各國(guó)和國(guó)際組織的法律進(jìn)行比較研究的同時(shí),認(rèn)識(shí)到了我國(guó)親子關(guān)系立法現(xiàn)狀的不足,并在文中對(duì)我國(guó)父母責(zé)任制度進(jìn)行了設(shè)想和重構(gòu)。
[Abstract]:Children are the future and people's expectation of the world. At present, the view that children also enjoy rights has been widely accepted by countries all over the world, and the disrespect for children's rights is regarded as the greatest violation of human rights. The system of parental responsibility is the core element of the protection of children's rights and the most concentrated embodiment of "maximization of the interests of the child", because the family is the most important shelter for children. Most countries in the world have made more or less provisions on the content of parent-child relations, and the transnational convention on parental responsibility is gradually forming and developing. But in our country, influenced by the traditional patriarchal ethics, we adopt a laissez-faire attitude towards family autonomy. The degree of legal attention is not high, the state power is low, especially at a time when the pace of life is accelerating, the number of migrant workers is increasing, the work pressure is enormous, and the divorce rate is increasing. The imperfection of the legal provisions has led to problems and even contradictions and differences between the parents in the process of raising their children. Therefore, the study and further improvement of the system of parental responsibility is of great importance. A complete system and detailed division of responsibilities will help to better protect the rights and interests of children. This paper analyzes and consummates the system of parent-child relationship in China, which is the purpose and significance of the comparative study. The system of parental responsibility originated from Roman law and Germanic law, and experienced the development process from "family standard" to "parent position" to "child standard", and gradually separated from the narrow thought of feudal moral family ethics system. Focus instead on the needs of the children in the family. Although there are differences in the legislative style between the civil law system and the common law system, the ultimate purpose is to gradually transform to the parental care right system, attach importance to the care and protection of children, strengthen the intervention of public power, and pay attention to the rights and interests of children. As a result of the increasingly close economic and cultural exchanges between countries, the increase in intercountry marriage and adoption, and the increased requirements for convergence of codes, as the Hague Convention was accepted by more countries, the Organization of American States (OAS) and the European Union (EU) legislation came into force one after another. The norms of uniform private law and substantive law of parental responsibility will be accepted by more and more countries. This paper has carried on the horizontal contrast and the longitudinal research from the domestic law stipulation and the international law coordination of the parent-child problem. In the field of domestic law, the content of parental responsibility, namely, the right to the person and property of the child and the limitation of the parental responsibility, are discussed. In the field of international law, it mainly introduces the legal documents and model laws on parent-child relations of global and regional international organizations, and understands the most advanced legislative stand of parental responsibility system. Finally, returning to our country, our country does not have a clear system of parent-child relations. In our civil law, there is no independent legal system for parent-child relations. Instead, they are scattered in the Marriage Law, the General principles of Civil Law and other related separate laws, lacking a system and incomplete content. Therefore, when there is an incident in real life in which parents violate the rights and interests of their minor children, there is a lack of legal basis. Minors can not get very good protection. While making a comparative study of the laws of various countries and international organizations, the article recognizes the deficiency of the current legislation on parent-child relations in China, and conceive and reconstruct the system of parental responsibility in our country in this paper.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D923.9
本文編號(hào)：2154718
[Abstract]:Children are the future and people's expectation of the world. At present, the view that children also enjoy rights has been widely accepted by countries all over the world, and the disrespect for children's rights is regarded as the greatest violation of human rights. The system of parental responsibility is the core element of the protection of children's rights and the most concentrated embodiment of "maximization of the interests of the child", because the family is the most important shelter for children. Most countries in the world have made more or less provisions on the content of parent-child relations, and the transnational convention on parental responsibility is gradually forming and developing. But in our country, influenced by the traditional patriarchal ethics, we adopt a laissez-faire attitude towards family autonomy. The degree of legal attention is not high, the state power is low, especially at a time when the pace of life is accelerating, the number of migrant workers is increasing, the work pressure is enormous, and the divorce rate is increasing. The imperfection of the legal provisions has led to problems and even contradictions and differences between the parents in the process of raising their children. Therefore, the study and further improvement of the system of parental responsibility is of great importance. A complete system and detailed division of responsibilities will help to better protect the rights and interests of children. This paper analyzes and consummates the system of parent-child relationship in China, which is the purpose and significance of the comparative study. The system of parental responsibility originated from Roman law and Germanic law, and experienced the development process from "family standard" to "parent position" to "child standard", and gradually separated from the narrow thought of feudal moral family ethics system. Focus instead on the needs of the children in the family. Although there are differences in the legislative style between the civil law system and the common law system, the ultimate purpose is to gradually transform to the parental care right system, attach importance to the care and protection of children, strengthen the intervention of public power, and pay attention to the rights and interests of children. As a result of the increasingly close economic and cultural exchanges between countries, the increase in intercountry marriage and adoption, and the increased requirements for convergence of codes, as the Hague Convention was accepted by more countries, the Organization of American States (OAS) and the European Union (EU) legislation came into force one after another. The norms of uniform private law and substantive law of parental responsibility will be accepted by more and more countries. This paper has carried on the horizontal contrast and the longitudinal research from the domestic law stipulation and the international law coordination of the parent-child problem. In the field of domestic law, the content of parental responsibility, namely, the right to the person and property of the child and the limitation of the parental responsibility, are discussed. In the field of international law, it mainly introduces the legal documents and model laws on parent-child relations of global and regional international organizations, and understands the most advanced legislative stand of parental responsibility system. Finally, returning to our country, our country does not have a clear system of parent-child relations. In our civil law, there is no independent legal system for parent-child relations. Instead, they are scattered in the Marriage Law, the General principles of Civil Law and other related separate laws, lacking a system and incomplete content. Therefore, when there is an incident in real life in which parents violate the rights and interests of their minor children, there is a lack of legal basis. Minors can not get very good protection. While making a comparative study of the laws of various countries and international organizations, the article recognizes the deficiency of the current legislation on parent-child relations in China, and conceive and reconstruct the system of parental responsibility in our country in this paper.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D923.9
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