本文選題：探望權 + 撫養(yǎng)權　； 參考：《遼寧大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：父母作為生育和撫養(yǎng)的角色,無疑是兒童最大利益的守護者,在未成年子女的成長過程中承擔著最為重要而關鍵的責任。兒童最大利益原則誕生于上世紀五六十年代,經過幾十年的發(fā)展和演變,其內涵和體系逐漸孕育成熟,在里程碑式的聯(lián)合國《兒章權利公約》標準的指引下,世界各國親子關系領域立法的主流已經逐漸為子女本位立法所占據(jù),子女本位立法最重要的特點在于以父母承擔義務維護子女最大利益為核心。進入20世紀以來,國際上關于兒童保護的立法呈現(xiàn)出前所未有的迅速發(fā)展趨勢,而在我國,自1980年以來《婚姻法》中涉及親子關系的內容從未修改,仍然殘存著不少父母本位立法的痕跡。其中,有關父母對子女所享有的權利義務的規(guī)定失于簡略、概括,父母撫養(yǎng)、教育子女的內涵、邊界和法律責任不具體、不明確,而對子女權利的保護又并不完備、不周延。筆者認為,趁著此次民法典修改的春風,我國應該在婚姻家庭法中單獨設立一章“親子關系章”,須以“父母責任”作為上位法律術語,將父母在人身關系和財產關系方面對子女所享有的權利義務涵括進去,具體、系統(tǒng)、全面地規(guī)范父母責任,而且關于父母責任喪失、轉移和恢復的條件和程序應當有明確規(guī)定,對于不履行或者不適當履行父母責任的行為,介入國家公權力,對未成年子女實行國家監(jiān)護。在父母解除婚姻關系的情況下,未成年子女無疑是這場糾紛最大的受害者,夫妻雙方離婚糾紛的性質是復合之訴,這也意味著離婚案件中的法律關系將會是多樣化的。因此,在解除婚姻關系與保護兒童最大利益這一對矛盾中,更應該尋找解決之良方,盡可能的保障兒章的利益。然而在實際當中,由于立法上存在一些不足以及在實踐中兒童最大利益原則實現(xiàn)的一些難度,因此兒童最大利益的保障并不能很好的實現(xiàn)。調查顯示,大部分離婚夫妻都膝下育有尚未成年的孩子,孩子沒有辦法選擇父母,從他們的立場來看,家庭的分崩離析直接意味著喪失了安定的生活場所,招致的影響和代價是非常巨大的。一直以來在社會觀念里,我們都先驗地假定父母才是孩子的最佳監(jiān)護者,假定家庭才是孩子生長的最優(yōu)環(huán)境,事實上家庭的確被證明是最適合兒章生長的地方。本文從立法和實踐兩個角度對兒童最大利益原則的實現(xiàn)做出分析和建議,使離婚法律關系中兒童最大利益原則的實現(xiàn)具有更強的操作性。
[Abstract]:As the role of bearing and raising, parents are undoubtedly the guardians of the best interests of children, and bear the most important and key responsibility in the process of the growth of minor children. The principle of the best interests of the child was born in the fifties and sixties of last century. After decades of development and evolution, its connotation and system gradually matured and matured. Under the guidance of the landmark UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, The mainstream of parent-child relationship legislation in the world has been gradually occupied by children-based legislation. The most important feature of child-oriented legislation is that parents bear the obligation to safeguard the best interests of children as the core. Since the 20th century, the international legislation on child protection has shown an unprecedented rapid development trend, but in China, since 1980, the contents of the Marriage Law concerning parent-child relations have never been amended. There are still many traces of parental legislation. Among them, the stipulation about parents' rights and obligations to their children is not simple, summary, the connotation of parents' raising and educating children, the boundary and legal responsibility are not specific and clear, and the protection of children's rights is not complete and comprehensive. In my opinion, while the Civil Code is revised in spring, China should set up a separate chapter in the Marriage and Family Law, "Parent-Child relationship Chapter", with "parental responsibility" as the upper legal term. Including the rights and obligations of parents with respect to their children in relation to their personal and property relations, specifically, systematically and comprehensively regulating parental responsibilities, and the conditions and procedures for the loss, transfer and restoration of parental responsibilities, For failure to perform or improper performance of parental responsibilities, intervention in the public power of the state, the implementation of state custody of minor children. In the case of parents' dissolution of marriage, minor children are undoubtedly the biggest victims of this dispute, and the nature of the divorce dispute between husband and wife is a compound lawsuit, which means that the legal relationship in divorce cases will be diversified. Therefore, in the contradiction between the dissolution of marriage and the protection of the best interests of children, we should find a good solution to protect the interests of children as much as possible. However, in practice, because there are some shortcomings in legislation and some difficulties in the realization of the principle of the best interests of children in practice, the protection of the best interests of children can not be realized very well. Surveys show that most divorced couples have underage children and children have no choice but to choose their parents. From their point of view, the breakdown of the family directly means the loss of a secure place to live. The implications and costs incurred are enormous. We have always assumed that parents are the best guardian of the child and the family is the best place for children to grow up. In fact, the family has proved to be the best place for children to grow. This paper analyzes and suggests the realization of the principle of the best interests of children from the angle of legislation and practice, which makes the realization of the principle of the best interests of children in the legal relationship of divorce more operable.
【學位授予單位】：遼寧大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D923.9

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本文編號：1861449