【摘要】：違約金的的司法調(diào)整系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)目的是調(diào)整雙方在合同關(guān)系中的利益，本質(zhì)上來講是要建立一個(gè)公平的市場交易環(huán)境，恪守公平公正的價(jià)值觀和誠信原則。因此違約金的司法調(diào)整體系是在微觀層面上對(duì)合同當(dāng)事人雙方影響極大的制度。因此必須在立法上設(shè)計(jì)清晰，但是我國的合同法對(duì)此在理論和應(yīng)用上卻都未能做到足夠清楚和完整。因此，筆者以“違約金的司法調(diào)整制度研究”為標(biāo)題，希望能有對(duì)完善該制度有所助益。 第一部分闡述了違約金司法調(diào)整制度的基本理論。首先，介紹了什么是違約金。其次，闡釋了違約金司法調(diào)整制度的明確含義。再次，梳理違約金司法調(diào)整制度的法律依據(jù)，即為什么當(dāng)事人可以自由約定違約金并應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)其予以調(diào)整，指出這是通過合同維護(hù)正義的需要，通過限制契約自由來匡扶正義，計(jì)算及衡量當(dāng)事人利益以及違約金的本身屬性和功能的要求。最后，通過經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的方法，進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)違約金在調(diào)整市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要作用。同時(shí)也強(qiáng)調(diào)，為了避免違約金的司法調(diào)整超過必要限度，有必要對(duì)自由的意志的當(dāng)事人的意思自治予以維護(hù)，因而違約金的司法調(diào)整必須在有限的范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行，，這主要是通過設(shè)定適用的原則和具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 第二部分探討違約金司法調(diào)整制度的國外立法規(guī)定。介紹了大陸法系國家的違約金司法調(diào)整的具體規(guī)定（包括法國、德國、日本等）以及英美法系國家（包括英國和美國）以及其他國家或地區(qū)對(duì)該制度的規(guī)定，從而對(duì)比分析兩者的立法的區(qū)別，指出這兩個(gè)法律體系都認(rèn)可對(duì)違約金進(jìn)行司法調(diào)整的規(guī)定，但調(diào)整的方法有所區(qū)別。 第三部分介紹了我國的違約金司法調(diào)整系統(tǒng)。主要包括該制度的沿革，法律適用條件和司法實(shí)踐問題。側(cè)重于闡釋違約金司法調(diào)整的適用條件和在實(shí)踐中對(duì)違約金數(shù)額進(jìn)行調(diào)整的問題。 第四部分是本文的重點(diǎn)，在前文分析的基礎(chǔ)上指出了我國缺乏對(duì)違約金制度的定性，現(xiàn)有違約金立法體系并未對(duì)違約金性質(zhì)進(jìn)行劃分，調(diào)整違約金的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也并不明確以及缺乏違約金調(diào)整的程序要求。因此應(yīng)建立健全合理的違約金司法調(diào)整系統(tǒng)，將違約金區(qū)分為懲罰性違約金和賠償性違約金并分別加以調(diào)整，精確規(guī)定違約金調(diào)整的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并建議完善違約金的司法調(diào)整的程序性規(guī)定。
[Abstract]:The purpose of the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages is to adjust the interests of both parties in the contractual relationship. In essence, it is necessary to establish a fair market trading environment and abide by the values of fairness and justice and the principle of good faith. Therefore, the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages is a system which has great influence on both parties to the contract on the micro level. Therefore, it is necessary to design clearly in legislation, but the contract law of our country fails to be clear and complete enough in theory and application. Therefore, under the title of "study on the Judicial Adjustment system of liquidated damages", the author hopes to be helpful to the perfection of the system. The first part expounds the basic theory of judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages. First of all, introduced what is the liquidated damages. Secondly, it explains the clear meaning of the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages. Thirdly, combing the legal basis of the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages, that is, why the parties can freely agree on the liquidated damages and should adjust them, pointing out that this is the need to maintain justice through contracts, and to help justice by restricting the freedom of contracts. To calculate and measure the interests of the parties and the nature and function of the liquidated damages. Finally, through the method of economic analysis, it further reflects the important role of liquidated damages in the adjustment of market economy. At the same time, it was stressed that in order to avoid judicial adjustments of liquidated damages exceeding the necessary limits, it was necessary to safeguard the autonomy of the parties to the free will, and therefore the judicial adjustment of the liquidated damages must be carried out within a limited scope, This is mainly through the setting of applicable principles and specific standards to achieve. The second part discusses the foreign legislative provisions of the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages. This paper introduces the specific provisions of judicial adjustment of liquidated damages in civil law countries (including France, Germany, Japan, etc.), the provisions of common law countries (including the United Kingdom and the United States) and other countries or regions on this system. By comparing and analyzing the difference of legislation, the author points out that the two legal systems agree to the regulation of judicial adjustment of penalty for breach of contract, but the methods of adjustment are different. The third part introduces the judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages in China. Mainly including the evolution of the system, legal application conditions and judicial practice. Emphasis is placed on explaining the applicable conditions of judicial adjustment of liquidated damages and the adjustment of the amount of liquidated damages in practice. The fourth part is the focus of this paper, on the basis of the previous analysis, it points out that our country lacks the qualitative analysis of the system of liquidated damages, and the existing legislative system of liquidated damages does not divide the nature of liquidated damages. The standard for adjusting liquidated damages is also unclear and the procedural requirements for adjusting liquidated damages are not clear. Therefore, we should establish a sound and reasonable judicial adjustment system of liquidated damages, divide the liquidated damages into punitive liquidated damages and compensatory liquidated damages and adjust them separately, so as to specify the standards for the adjustment of liquidated damages. It also suggests to perfect the procedural provisions of judicial adjustment of liquidated damages.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D923.6

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