本文關(guān)鍵詞： 抵銷 破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán) 適用范圍 行使限制　出處：《復旦大學》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：抵銷肇始于羅馬法,對大陸法系國家都有深遠影響,英美法系國家用主請求權(quán)和交叉請求權(quán)的相應減少來表示抵銷。破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán),是民法上的抵銷權(quán)在破產(chǎn)領域的延伸適用,是指債權(quán)人和債務人在破產(chǎn)案件受理前對互負債務的,無論債權(quán)債務種類品質(zhì)是否相同,也不論該債權(quán)債務是否附有期限或者附有條件,均可以不依破產(chǎn)程序而用該破產(chǎn)債權(quán)抵銷其對債務人所負債務的權(quán)利。破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)能夠減少破產(chǎn)費用,加快破產(chǎn)流程,具有經(jīng)濟便捷、擔保債權(quán)、拓展信用交易等諸多功能。但是對破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)存在的價值、法律地位和性質(zhì)有諸多討論。因為破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)所蘊含的巨大的經(jīng)濟效益,可得適用的債權(quán)范圍,以及限制適用的債權(quán)范圍有諸多要求。我國破產(chǎn)法實施的時間不長,破產(chǎn)案件相對較少,再加上我國社會經(jīng)濟的復雜現(xiàn)狀,所以抵銷權(quán)在實踐操作中出現(xiàn)諸多問題,探討破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)的理論構(gòu)成和立法規(guī)定實有必要。 本文分為引言、正文、結(jié)語三個部分。 正文部分包括以下四章： 第一章是破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)的概論。破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)起始于抵銷權(quán),與清償、混同、提存等都是債消滅的方式。我國合同法第99條、第100條規(guī)定了抵銷權(quán),對破產(chǎn)法的規(guī)定主要見于破產(chǎn)法第40條以及最高法院的幾個司法解釋里。有些國家不承認破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán),認為其不符合公平原則,不符合物權(quán)優(yōu)于債權(quán)的民法原理,會增加經(jīng)營風險和引起道德危機。更多的國家承認破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán),認為其不僅符合公平原則,而且還能擔保債權(quán),拓展信用交易,并能實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟效益的功能。我國承認破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)。根據(jù)不同的標準,破產(chǎn)抵銷可以是法定抵銷權(quán)、形成權(quán)和優(yōu)先權(quán)。 第二章討論了破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)和民法抵銷權(quán)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。雖然破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)在適用范圍、行使條件等方面跟民法抵銷權(quán)不同,但不是一項獨立的權(quán)利,其僅是民法抵銷制度在破產(chǎn)程序中的運用,所謂的特殊性是從保護債權(quán)人的角度出發(fā),對民事抵銷權(quán)在內(nèi)容和形式方面的修補,理應從屬于民法抵銷權(quán)。兩者的價值理念、適用范圍、權(quán)利內(nèi)容和構(gòu)成要件也都大體相同。兩者的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在兩者的權(quán)利主體不同、意思自治程度不同、可抵銷債務的范圍不同。民法抵銷權(quán)可以由債權(quán)債務關(guān)系的雙方當事人行使,而破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)僅可由破產(chǎn)債權(quán)人行使。民法抵銷權(quán)的意思自治程度大于破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)。民法抵銷權(quán)中的法定抵銷權(quán)僅適用于均已屆清償期,品質(zhì)種類相同,不附期限或條件的債權(quán),破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)則可適用于未屆清償期,品質(zhì)種類不相同,附有期限和附有條件的債權(quán)。 第三章討論了破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)的行使。其主體只能是破產(chǎn)債權(quán)人,其行使時間應該是從破產(chǎn)債權(quán)得到確認之后到管理人提交破產(chǎn)財產(chǎn)分配方案之前。 針對一些特殊債權(quán),抵銷權(quán)有不同的適用情況。主債權(quán)人未申報債權(quán)時,有關(guān)主體能申報并抵銷將來請求權(quán)的債權(quán)。經(jīng)過時效的主動債權(quán)不能行使抵銷權(quán),但未經(jīng)過時效的主動債權(quán)能抵銷經(jīng)過時效的受動債權(quán)。有擔保的債權(quán)既能行使別除權(quán),若符合抵銷權(quán)行使的要件,也能行使抵銷權(quán)。破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)也有一些行使限制,其不能抵銷惡意轉(zhuǎn)讓的債權(quán)、不能抵銷債權(quán)人的惡意負債,不能抵銷破產(chǎn)人的債務人惡意取得的債權(quán)。 依照我國破產(chǎn)法的規(guī)定,行使抵銷權(quán)必須要經(jīng)過破產(chǎn)程序,向管理人主張。結(jié)合破產(chǎn)程序?qū)σ话銈鶛?quán)的規(guī)定和抵銷權(quán)的特性,一般認為行使抵銷權(quán)應該經(jīng)過申報債權(quán),管理人和債權(quán)人會議確認,破產(chǎn)宣告后直接抵銷三個步驟。抵銷權(quán)行使的效力是雙方得債權(quán)債務在對等的數(shù)額消滅,若主動債權(quán)未獲完全清償,則繼續(xù)參與比例清償,若受動債權(quán)未獲完全清償,則主動債權(quán)人應清償債務。 第四章考察了破產(chǎn)抵銷權(quán)在破產(chǎn)法整個體系內(nèi)的與其他制度的統(tǒng)一性。其與否認權(quán)制度的關(guān)系體現(xiàn)在正當?shù)牡咒N行為不可撤銷,不當?shù)姆裾J行為產(chǎn)生的債權(quán)不可抵銷,不當?shù)牡咒N行為可以撤銷。管理人瀆職而為的不當?shù)咒N行為,無法通過撤銷權(quán)來救濟,但該債權(quán)因不滿足合法有效的要件而不屬于破產(chǎn)債權(quán)。能夠抵銷的債權(quán)債務不包括這種雙方都未履行完畢的合同,假若包括則會架空了管理人的選擇履行合同的權(quán)利。 本文建議,破產(chǎn)法應明確抵銷權(quán)的適用范圍包括附期限附條件債權(quán)、不同品質(zhì)不同種類的債權(quán),并應明確抵銷條件、流程和方法。在適用范圍、限制規(guī)定等方面應借鑒國外的立法和實踐經(jīng)驗加以完善提高。
[Abstract]:The bankruptcy set - off right is the extension of the creditor and the debtor in the bankruptcy field , which means that the creditor and the debtor have many functions in the bankruptcy filed , whether the creditor and the debtor have the same quality as the creditor and the debtor in the bankruptcy case . However , the bankruptcy set - off right can reduce the bankruptcy cost , accelerate the bankruptcy process , have many functions such as economic convenience , guarantee creditor ' s rights and extend credit transaction . This paper is divided into three parts : introduction , text and conclusion . The body part includes the following four chapters : Chapter One is an overview of the right to set off the right to cancel the bankruptcy . The right to set - off starts with the right to set - off , and it is the way to eliminate the debt . In the article 99 of the contract law , Article 100 sets off the right to set - off , which is mainly found in article 40 of bankruptcy law and several judicial interpretations of the Supreme Court . Some countries do not recognize the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off the right to set off . Chapter 2 discusses the relation and difference between the right of cancellation of bankruptcy and the right to set off civil law . Although the right to set - off is different from the right to set off in the civil law , it is not an independent right , which is only the application of the civil law offset system in bankruptcy procedure . Chapter Three discusses the exercise of the right of bankruptcy set - off . The subject can only be the bankrupt creditor , and the exercise time should be before the manager submits the bankruptcy property distribution plan after the bankruptcy creditor ' s right is confirmed . For some special creditor ' s rights , the set - off right has different application . When the creditor fails to declare the creditor ' s right , the principal creditor can declare and offset the creditor ' s right in the future . In accordance with the provisions of China ' s bankruptcy law , the exercise of the right to set - off must go through the bankruptcy procedure to the manager . In combination with the nature of the bankruptcy procedure on the general creditor ' s rights and the right to set - off , it is generally considered that the exercise of the right to set - off should be confirmed by the declaration creditor ' s right , the manager and the creditor ' s meeting , and the three steps are offset directly after the bankruptcy declaration . Chapter IV examines the unity of the right of bankruptcy set - off on the whole system of bankruptcy law and other systems . The relationship between the right of denial and the right of denial can be abolished . The improper set - off behavior can be abolished . The improper set - off behavior of the manager cannot be remedied through the right of withdrawal . The creditor ' s right debt which can be set off does not include the contract which the parties fail to fulfill , if it includes the right to choose to perform the contract . In this paper , it is suggested that the bankruptcy law should make clear the scope of the right to set off the creditor ' s rights of different kinds of creditor ' s rights and different quality , and make clear the conditions , flow and method of offset .

【學位授予單位】：復旦大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D922.291.92

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