【摘要】：隨著人類(lèi)社會(huì)的發(fā)展,石油已逐步取代煤炭成為主要能源,又因?yàn)槭澜缡唾Y源分布不均勻,大量的石油都是經(jīng)由海上運(yùn)輸?shù)竭_(dá)目的港,運(yùn)輸船舶的溢油事件常有發(fā)生,給人們的財(cái)產(chǎn)和健康造成很大威脅,也對(duì)海洋環(huán)境造成了不可估量的損失。 為預(yù)防、解決船舶石油泄漏造成的污染,保護(hù)海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境,多年來(lái),國(guó)際社會(huì)一直尋求通過(guò)立法途徑解決船舶油污的損害賠償問(wèn)題,通過(guò)了一系列國(guó)際公約,并由此構(gòu)建了較為完善的國(guó)際船舶油污損害賠償制度。 目前我國(guó)海上石油運(yùn)輸量位居世界第三,因?yàn)槭瓦\(yùn)輸量的大幅增長(zhǎng),也有較高的可能性會(huì)發(fā)生船舶溢油事故,中國(guó)海域今后可能成為船舶溢油事故的多發(fā)區(qū)。我國(guó)已于2001年通過(guò)《2001年燃油污染損害民事責(zé)任國(guó)際公約》,對(duì)運(yùn)油船舶進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn),并且確定將建立船舶油污損害賠償基金制度,但還未出臺(tái)相關(guān)的法律規(guī)定,針對(duì)船舶油污基金問(wèn)題,財(cái)政部和交通部已經(jīng)聯(lián)合起草制定了《船舶油污損害賠償基金征收和使用管理辦法》,目前已第三次征求意見(jiàn)和修改,國(guó)內(nèi)油污基金制度有望于近年內(nèi)建立實(shí)施。 本文共分三章,第一章概述船舶油污損害賠償基金制度,介紹與船舶油污損害賠償基金有關(guān)的術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義,并且闡述建立船舶油污損害賠償基金的法理根源及必要性,主要是對(duì)船舶所有人實(shí)行限額賠償?shù)闹贫燃耙?guī)定由貨主承擔(dān)油污責(zé)任的做法體現(xiàn)了利益均衡的原則;本章也介紹了關(guān)于船舶油污損害民事責(zé)任的國(guó)際公約和相關(guān)的國(guó)內(nèi)立法,主要有《1971年設(shè)立國(guó)際油污損害賠償基金國(guó)際公約》、《1992年設(shè)立國(guó)際油污損害賠償基金國(guó)際公約》、《2001年燃油污染損害民事責(zé)任國(guó)際公約》和美國(guó)《1990年油污法》。 第二章為國(guó)際通行的油污損害賠償機(jī)制分析和借鑒,目前主要有三種做法,分別為參加國(guó)際基金公約、建立本國(guó)的基金體制和通過(guò)國(guó)際公約和國(guó)內(nèi)立法建立雙重基金制度,而就我國(guó)目前的實(shí)際情況來(lái)看,我國(guó)現(xiàn)在并不適合加入公約體系,而是應(yīng)該通過(guò)立法的方式建立自己的基金體系。 第三章為具體構(gòu)建我國(guó)基金制度的建議,就此部分,作者主要討論兩方面的問(wèn)題,分別為建立何種模式的基金制度及關(guān)于船舶油污對(duì)漁業(yè)造成的中長(zhǎng)期損失是否應(yīng)當(dāng)被納入賠償范圍,通過(guò)分析,作者認(rèn)為,我國(guó)建立信托式的基金模式更有有益,同時(shí),在還未出臺(tái)相關(guān)的司法解釋限制前,將漁業(yè)中長(zhǎng)期損失納入基金的賠償范圍也能更好的保護(hù)我國(guó)的海洋環(huán)境。 作者希望本文能夠在我國(guó)船舶油污賠償基金制度出臺(tái)時(shí),為相關(guān)部門(mén)提出一些合理的建議與參考。
[Abstract]:With the development of human society, oil has gradually replaced coal as the main energy, and because of the uneven distribution of oil resources in the world, a large amount of oil is transported by sea to the port of destination. It posed a great threat to people's property and health, and caused incalculable damage to the marine environment. In order to prevent and solve the pollution caused by the oil spill from ships and to protect the marine ecological environment, the international community has been seeking to solve the problem of compensation for damage caused by oil pollution from ships by way of legislation for many years, and has adopted a series of international conventions. Thus, a more perfect compensation system for oil pollution damage of international ships is established. At present, China ranks the third in the world in terms of the volume of offshore oil transportation, because of the large increase in the volume of oil transportation, there is also a high probability of ship oil spills, and the sea area of China may become a frequent area for oil spills in the future. In 2001, China adopted the 2001 International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage to carry out compulsory insurance against oil carriers and to establish a compensation fund system for oil pollution damage from ships. However, no relevant legal provisions have been issued yet. The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Communications have jointly drawn up the measures for the Collection and use of the compensation Fund for Oil pollution damage from ships in response to the issue of the ship Oil pollution Fund, and have now solicited opinions and amendments for the third time. Domestic oil pollution fund system is expected to be established and implemented in recent years. This paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter summarizes the system of ship oil pollution compensation fund, introduces the meaning of terms related to ship oil pollution compensation fund, and expounds the legal origin and necessity of establishing ship oil pollution compensation fund. The principle of balance of interests is embodied in the system of limited compensation to ship owners and the regulation that the cargo owners should bear the liability for oil pollution. This chapter also introduces the international conventions on civil liability for oil pollution damage from ships and relevant domestic legislation, including the International Convention on the Establishment of the International Fund for compensation for Oil pollution damage in 1971 and the International Convention on the Establishment of the International Fund for compensation for Oil pollution damage in 1992. 2001 International Convention on Civil liability for fuel pollution damage and United States Oil pollution Act 1990. The second chapter analyzes and draws lessons from the internationally prevailing compensation mechanism for oil pollution damage. At present, there are three main approaches, namely, to join the International Fund Convention, to establish a national fund system and to establish a dual fund system through international conventions and domestic legislation. As far as the actual situation of our country is concerned, China is not suitable to join the convention system, but should establish its own fund system by way of legislation. The third chapter is the concrete construction of China's fund system, this part, the author mainly discusses two aspects of the problem, In order to establish the fund system of which model and whether the medium and long term losses caused by oil pollution from ships should be included in the compensation scope, the author thinks that it is more beneficial to establish the trust fund model in China, and at the same time, Before the relevant judicial interpretation restrictions are issued, it is better to protect the marine environment of our country by including the long-term fishery losses in the compensation scope of the fund. The author hopes that this paper can put forward some reasonable suggestions and references for the relevant departments when the system of ship oil pollution compensation fund is issued in our country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D996.9;D923;D922.68
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本文編號(hào)：2390495